Streptococcus pneumoniae Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Streptococcus pneumoniae - Research Paper Example The species name is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Luis Paster discovered the organism in 1800’s. At that time he named it Micrococcus Pasteur. In 1886 and 1920, the name of the organism changed to Pseumococcus and Diplococcus pneumoniae respectively. Finally, in 1974 the micro-organism name became the Streptococcus pneumoniae (Toder, 2012). The micro-organism is Gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile and lancet-shaped. Predominantly, the micro-organisms occur in pairs. However, they can form short and straight chains. The micro-organism has a capsule that serves as a protective layer to antibiotics. In addition, the capsule stains positive during Gram staining process. The diameter of individual cells measures 0.5 and 1.25 micrometers. The cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae comprises of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. The peptidoglycan component of the cell wall responds positively to Gram staining technique. This technique identifies and distinguishes different species in the genera streptococci. Steptococcus pneumoniae lacks the catalase activity. In addition, they are facultative anaerobes and metabolizes through lactic acid fermentation (Toder, 2012). There are more than 90 highly antigenic capsular serotypes differentiated in the types of presenting antigen in the capsule. Antibodies to specific types of serotypes are protective. The features responsible for pathogenic nature of organism are innumerable. These include presence of pro-inflammatory cell wall components (C-polysaccharides and F-antigen), IgA2 protease, pneumolysin, adhesins, and enzymes that damages tissue. Pneumolysin is a cytotoxin that stimulates immune response and adhesin bind to cell surface carbohydrates. Some of examples of adhesin include choline binding protein A, and the pneumococcal surface protein A [PspA]. The micro-organism incorporates the genetic material of other micro-organism through a process of transformation. The presence of F-antigen helps in acquiring of genetic material from different sources. Therefore, it means that the organism can change from one serotype to the other. This is quite significant to the development of resistance to antibi otics in the organism. It increases the virulence of the organism. The increasing severity of micro-organism is attributed to its ability to assume different shapes. When the organism acquires genetic material with genes of resistance to antibiotics, it replicates to resist the host defense mechanism. The virulence in these micro-organisms is associated with the capsular material. The capsule resists the hosts’ phagocytosis mechanism thereby surviving and multiplying in the host tissues. The virulence factors of the micro-organism include surface protein A. autolysin, and immunoglobulin A (Toder, 2012). Streptococci pneumoniae are found in the host’s upper airways, nose, or throat. They are part of normal flora in human beings. However, the organism becomes infectious depending on the immunity status of the host. In the immune comprised host, they cause some of the deadly diseases that include pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, peritonitis, and bacte remia. These are diseases of upper and lower respiratory tract. When in the host tissues, pneumococcal undergoes genetic changes that convert the colonies from opaque to transparent ones. However, the rate is very low in number; it is 1 in 105 micro-organisms. The transparent colony is best adapted for proliferation in the nasopharynx. The opaque colonies thrive very well in the host’s blood. The opaque colonies increase their virulence during systemic infections. These differences in

They’re all wasted! Essay Example for Free

They’re all wasted! Essay â€Å"They’re all wasted! † proclaims The Who’s Roger Daltrey in 1971’s â€Å"Baba O’Riley,† a song widely and mistakenly believed to be titled â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† because of the refrain. Putting an emphasis on â€Å"all,† this is a sweeping indictment: the youth are all wasted, not just one group or in one way, but everywhere and in every faculty. Every potentialfor rebellion, discipline, pleasure, beliefhas been squandered. But The Who were far from the first to imagine this modern wasteland. T. S. Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Wasteland,† provides a wide-ranging critique of modernity, while also modeling the aesthetics of the new epoch, that makes statements like The Who’s intelligible while building on established literary and social conventions. The historical context for Eliot’s poem can be divided into three major components. First, there is the literary tradition writ large, the collected textual productions of the world over the last several millennia. â€Å"The Wasteland† makes reference to the Bible (20-3), Buddhism (173), Dante (62-5), Shakespeare (172), Greek tragedy (218), and many more sources: the Norton Anthology’s cup runneth over with footnotes. Second, there is English literature. It is more likely that Eliot’s peers would measure him against the immediate backdrop of national history, not least because education in excellence in English literature is also education of the excellence of English literature. Thus Eliot must be able to demonstrate knowledge of Shakespeare and Marvell at the minimum, but also make an original contribution to the English literary tradition coming out of the nineteenth century. As in â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† Eliot addresses nineteenth century British Romanticism with modern inversions of the celebration of unadulterated nature. In the opening paragraph we have a modernized parallel of Wordsworth’s â€Å"A Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free†: Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. (8-11) The natural world is pleasing and comforting to humanity in this miniature. The surprise of rain does not seem to dampen the spirits of the characters but rather, through the stop in the colonnade, causes them to pause and so appreciate the reappearance of the sunlight. The construction â€Å"Summer surprised us† gives the natural world and its seasons a kind of playful agency, as in the Romantic tradition. However, we cannot think of Eliot as remaining within the Romantic tradition despite his utilization of it as a literary option. The third vital context is the recently concluded World War I. Hence the agency of the natural world, insomuch as Eliot images such agency for literary purposes, is as ambivalent as human nature. The opening lines, also drawing on literary precedent in Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales,† depict a less loving nature. April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. (1-4) The April showers that bring May flowers, to paraphrase Chaucer, bring a conflation of life and death instead of pilgrims. April is personified, as in Romanticism, but here it is so that it can be labelled cruel. Life is not an abstractly generative force: since at least Sidney’s â€Å"Astrophel and Stella† and Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnets,† English literature has had a rich tradition of sexual metaphorics, using phrases like â€Å"Dull roots† for phallic impotence and â€Å"spring rain† for ejaculatory procreation. But Eliot cannot simply celebrate this cycle of rebirth in the shadow of the muddy graves of World War I. The â€Å"mixing / memory and desire† recasts the common literary relationship between sex and death in a perverse light, since â€Å"memory† transgresses the partition between the living and the dead, the present and the past. Memory exhumes what is past, does not allow it to die and rest in peace. This corpse is now also the object of â€Å"desire. † The cycle of death and rebirth has been stalled in modernity and in the vision of â€Å"The Waste Land. † Eliot’s poem both represents and partakes of this modern problem; in fact, the necessity of participating in the forces of social infertility to represent it might be one of the most distinctively modern aspects that Eliot represents here. The broad scope of historical literature that he can draw on is the result of the British empire contacting and importing cultural products from around the globe. His knowledge of languages and availability of translations when necessary further speak to world literature as a thoroughly modern phenomenon. The need to reject or critique prior traditions is also part of the modern awareness of the dialectical nature of history. Of course, this also marks (ironically) a point of continuity with Victorians like Baudelaire (67). The fragmented form of â€Å"The Waste Land† is part of this modern rejection of tradition, but to depict this fragmentation Eliot must also gather together multiple traditions. They are juxtaposed with each other but without a master narrative to organize them. To further drive the point home Eliot also uses non-standard grammar or spelling, or seemingly nonsense words and sounds: â€Å"O O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag† (128). This ambiguity then contrasts with the grim and undecorated conversation circling, like Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† around an abortion: â€Å"I can’t help it, she said, pulling a long face, / It’s them pills I took, to bring it off, she said† (158-60). Stylistic innovation and rejection of stifling â€Å"rules† of art allow Eliot to create a radically new expression of the human experience, but in doing so he simultaneously duplicates the rootlessness and anomie he is seeking to overcome. â€Å"The Waste Land† articulates combatting notions of history, progress, and form that do not reach any conclusive resolution in the poem or in its subsequent readings. With the aid of hindsight the critic can understand Eliot’s growing religious conservatism in subsequent works like â€Å"Journey of the Magi. † By trying to include every literary and theological mode, he winds up putting them all at a discount; even if one’s chosen credo is somewhat arbitrary it at least allows entrance into the myth of rebirth. The forces in tension in â€Å"The Waste Land† chart two continuing political alignments. The will or willingness to subscribe to any belief is most darkly visible in the rise of the Third Reich; the willingness to subscribe to none is most visible in our inability to decisively commit to the prevention of subsequent atrocities. Eliot’s poem provides a space for considering these questions without prejudicing the question through contemporary political affiliations. The political question can be momentarily set aside if we imagine, for the time being, that this is merely art for art’s sake. Works Cited Eliot, T. S. â€Å"The Wasteland. † The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. , 2000. 236

Masculinity in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Essays

Masculinity in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre Throughout the novel 'Jane Eyre' we meet 5 male characters. Immediately we can notice that the number of female characters outweighs the number of male characters. It feels as though BrontÃÆ'Â « is trying to tell us that overall women will come out more influential and powerful than men. Indeed power is what our male characters have in common. Their power however alters from character to character. This is the common version of masculinity portrayed by Bront throughout 'Jane Eyre'. Many men at the time of the novel were very powerful, this power varied from wealth, influential positions and even whom you knew. Women were not entitled to their own opinions and their husbands or fathers made all the decisions. Jane however defies the conventions of the time. She has her own opinions and is not prepared to take orders from the powerful men in the novel. With power comes other traits, and this is where we can differentiate between the characters. Brocklehurst and St John both have power through the position they hold (Brocklehurst being in charge of the girls' school and St John being a parson), whereas John Reed and Rochester have power through wealth. Mr Lloyd (the apothecary) is perhaps the only man in the novel without any real power and he is the only person who listens to Jane. Rochester's masculinity is the most important, as he represents the best and worst of a man. His masculinity is typical of this period and he is shown ordering Jane around, 'bring me my horse', most women were obliging to men as they were the authority in society, although Jane resents this authority and wants to do things her own way. So from this we can see that the masculinity he shows typical of the time and incredibly dominant and powerful over women in the novel, especially Jane. As the novel progresses however Rochester becomes less masculine during the fire at Thornfield he loses everything, here we can compare him to Jane because; at the beginning she too doesn't have anything. In loosing everything he loses his masculinity and power. He no longer has his house, 'I saw blackened ruins'. His house is part of his power and this is no longer there. He also looses his sight and his hand, Jane becomes his, 'eyes and hands', and Rochester is reliant on her, 'I led him out of the wet wild wood'. The role of the dominant one is reversed. Here Rochester shows very little masculinity as he is now not in charge. Jane saves Rochester but equally he saves her, from St Masculinity in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre :: Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Essays Masculinity in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre Throughout the novel 'Jane Eyre' we meet 5 male characters. Immediately we can notice that the number of female characters outweighs the number of male characters. It feels as though BrontÃÆ'Â « is trying to tell us that overall women will come out more influential and powerful than men. Indeed power is what our male characters have in common. Their power however alters from character to character. This is the common version of masculinity portrayed by Bront throughout 'Jane Eyre'. Many men at the time of the novel were very powerful, this power varied from wealth, influential positions and even whom you knew. Women were not entitled to their own opinions and their husbands or fathers made all the decisions. Jane however defies the conventions of the time. She has her own opinions and is not prepared to take orders from the powerful men in the novel. With power comes other traits, and this is where we can differentiate between the characters. Brocklehurst and St John both have power through the position they hold (Brocklehurst being in charge of the girls' school and St John being a parson), whereas John Reed and Rochester have power through wealth. Mr Lloyd (the apothecary) is perhaps the only man in the novel without any real power and he is the only person who listens to Jane. Rochester's masculinity is the most important, as he represents the best and worst of a man. His masculinity is typical of this period and he is shown ordering Jane around, 'bring me my horse', most women were obliging to men as they were the authority in society, although Jane resents this authority and wants to do things her own way. So from this we can see that the masculinity he shows typical of the time and incredibly dominant and powerful over women in the novel, especially Jane. As the novel progresses however Rochester becomes less masculine during the fire at Thornfield he loses everything, here we can compare him to Jane because; at the beginning she too doesn't have anything. In loosing everything he loses his masculinity and power. He no longer has his house, 'I saw blackened ruins'. His house is part of his power and this is no longer there. He also looses his sight and his hand, Jane becomes his, 'eyes and hands', and Rochester is reliant on her, 'I led him out of the wet wild wood'. The role of the dominant one is reversed. Here Rochester shows very little masculinity as he is now not in charge. Jane saves Rochester but equally he saves her, from St

Causes of Plagiarism Essay -- Plagiarism Essays

Plagiarism has become a major issue among university students around the world. Academic misconduct has been a concern to those teaching at the universities. Hence, to prevent this from occurring the educational bodies have implemented measures to avoid plagiarism. Presently, the newly recruited students are informed of the consequences of plagiarism and that stern action is in place (Ashworth, Bannister, & Thorne,1997,p.1). However, plagiarism can be divided into two parts: deliberate and inadvertent. Presented here are the reasons why student plagiarism is considered quite high at western universities, even though many of the university students do not mean to cheat. There are three reasons as follows: (1) lack of clear understanding about the concept; (2) lack of knowledge about citation and referencing skills; and (3) poor time management. The first focus is on definitions of plagiarism and the differences between two types of plagiarism, reasons for inadvertent plagiarism, and l astly why international students have became the most plagiarising students in western universities. Plagiarism is one type of academic misconduct which is treated seriously in today’s universities. Plagiarism is defined as † literary theft, stealing ( by copying ) the words or ideas of someone else and passing them off as one’s own without crediting the source†(Handa & Power, n.d., p.66). For example, use of any material which is taken from any sources, such as books, electric journals, the Internet, or from other people’s work comprises plagiarism. There are two types of plagiarism: (1) deliberate (intention to cheat); (2) inadvertent (no intention to cheat). If students do it on purpose or intend to cheat, it means that the students have cheated... ...), 471-488. http://www.elearning.tcu.edu/resources/faculty/turnitin/Why%20Students%20Plagiarize.pdf Peter Ashwortha, Philip Bannistera, Pauline Thornea, "Guilty in whose eyes? University students' perceptions of cheating and plagiarism in academic work and assessment" Studies in Higher Education, Volume 22, Issue 2, 1997 Roig, Miguel (1997) "Can Undergraduate Students Determine Whether Text Has Been Plagiarized," The Psychological Record: Vol. 47: Iss. 1, Article 7. Available at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol47/iss1/7 Walker, John. "Student Plagiarism in Universities: What are we Doing About it?" Higher Education Research & Development, Volume 17, Issue 1, 1998 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0729436980170105?journalCode=cher20 Wang, Y. (2008). University student online plagiarism. International Journal on E-Learning, 7(4), 743-757.

Motorola Failure

Motorola Mobility, the ailing cellphone maker that Google bought in May, told employees Sunday that it would lay off 20 percent of its work force and close a third of its 94 offices worldwide. The cuts are the first step in Google's plan to reinvent Motorola, which has fallen far behind its biggest competitors, Apple and Samsung, and to shore up its Android mobile business and expand beyond search and software into the manufacture of hardware. The turnaround effort will also be a referendum on the management of Larry Page, Google's chief executive, whose boldest move has been the $12. billion acquisition. Though Google bought Motorola partly because of its more than 17,000 patents, which can help defend against challenges to the Android operating system, it also planned to use Motorola to make its own, better smartphones and tablets. One-third of the 4,000 jobs lost will be in the United States. The company plans to leave unprofitable markets, stop making low-end devices and focus on a few cellphones instead of dozens, said Dennis Woodside, Motorola's new chief executive, in a rare interview. We're excited about the smartphone business,† said Mr. Woodside, who previously led Google's sales and operations for the Americas. â€Å"The Google business is built on a wired model, and as the world moves to a pretty much completely wireless model over time, it's really going to be important for Google to understand everything about the mobile consumer. † But some analysts wonder whether Google can succeed in the brutally competitive, low-margin cellphone business. Ninety percent of the profits in the smartphone space are going to Apple and Samsung, and everyone else from Motorola to RIM to LG to Nokia are picking up the scraps of that 10 percent,† said Charlie Kindel, a former manager at Microsoft who writes about the mobile industry. â€Å"There's no real sign that's changing anytime soon. † It was not always this way. Motorola executives lik e to talk about its glory days. The company, started in 1928 in Chicago, unveiled the first commercial cellphone in 1973.By 2004, it looked as if Motorola could again lead the cellphone industry when it introduced the popular Razr. But Apple and Samsung won consumers' hearts with the more exciting iPhone and Galaxy phones. Motorola Mobility – which split last year from Motorola Solutions, the division that makes devices like police radios – lost $233 million in its first six weeks under Google. The phone business has been unprofitable for 14 of the last 16 quarters. â€Å"It got left in the dust by the competition and kind of missed the smartphone transition,† said Charles S. Golvin, a mobile analyst at Forrester Research.In addition to the coming cuts, Google has gutted Motorola management, letting go 40 percent of its vice presidents. It also hired new senior executives. It will shrink operations in Asia and India, and center research and development in Chicag o, Sunnyvale and Beijing. Mr. Woodside also plans to cut the number of devices Motorola makes from the 27 it introduced last year to just a few. He wants to make the company's products cool again by loading them with things like sensors that recognize who is in a room based on their voices, cameras that take crisper photos and batteries that last for days.Many of these new ideas will come from a group of just a few dozen people within the company that has the unassuming name of Advanced Technology and Projects. To foster innovation, Google created the group to drop a Silicon Valley-style start-up into a lumbering Midwestern company and recruited Regina Dugan from the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or Darpa, to run it. Ms. Dugan, though coming from Washington, already speaks the language of Silicon Valley. â€Å"It's a small, lean and agile group that is unafraid of failure,† she said, and it will â€Å"celebrate impatience. She is hiring metal scientis ts, acoustics engineers and artificial intelligence experts. They will work for her for only two years so they feel a sense of urgency, she said, an idea she borrowed from Darpa, where people wear their resignation date on their name tags. Motorola has been spending too much money on too many different cellphone components, said Mark Randall, whom Google recruited to run Motorola's supply chain from Amazon. com, where he did that for the Kindle. He said he planned to jettison suppliers and buy 50 percent fewer components.How to get people excited about Motorola phones when shiny iPhones are on the next shelf? Gary Briggs, who ran consumer marketing at Google and now does so at Motorola, is working on advertisements that he said would be more like Google's – simple and emotional. They will focus on Motorola's storied past and the ways the products are better than the competition's, like battery life. â€Å"We have a right to compete in this market,† Mr. Briggs said, â⠂¬Å"and I think we've got to prove why we're going to build and bring devices to people that are worth talking about again. † Competitors like Sony, LG and HTC will be watching losely to see how the Motorola-Google relationship develops, especially whether Motorola receives special treatment from Google. Like Motorola, they use the Android mobile operating system, for which Google receives no payment. â€Å"They certainly don't believe Google's going to keep a Chinese wall in place,† Mr. Kindel, the former Microsoft manager, said of the other cellphone makers. â€Å"The reality is people work together, they can pick up the phones and talk. There is going to be an advantage. † There is, for instance, a program for Google software engineers to work at Motorola for a year or two. But Mr.Woodside said Google benefited from many manufacturers' using Android, and repeated Google's promise that Motorola would have no advantages. He said Motorola would also compete equal ly with others to build Google-branded Nexus devices, which Google makes with a hardware partner when it introduces new versions of Android. A Motorola Mobility executive who recently left the company and would speak only on the condition of anonymity because he was uncomfortable talking to the news media, said that if anything, it had become more difficult than before for Motorola to have impromptu collaboration with the Android team.But still, because of the relationship, Motorola could get priority on Google products, like a mobile version of desktop software. And, people familiar with the companies say, Google could decide to follow Apple's lead and build a phone from silicon to software, perhaps by creating a separate operating system for Motorola that other phone makers cannot use. Google and Motorola seem to have a mutually beneficial marriage of hardware and software, Mr. Golvin said.Motorola needs software smarts and Google, which has struggled with Chrome laptops, Google T V and most recently the Nexus Q, needs help with hardware. Motorola's set-top boxes, which it sells to cable operators, could also help Google make the leap to TV screens, if it does not sell that business. In the meantime, Motorola's cellphone expertise has already been useful. Sergey Brin, Google's co-founder, called to see whether the sky divers he had hired to perform at a recent conference could get cell reception a mile in the sky.

The Safest Type of Water Bottle to Drink From

The Safest Type of Water Bottle to Drink From Many people refill single-use plastic bottles (Plastic #1, PET) as a cheap way to carry water. That bottle was bought with water in it in the first place – what can go wrong? While a single refill in a freshly drained bottle probably will not cause any problem, there can be some issues when it is done repeatedly. First, these bottles are difficult to wash and are thus likely to carry the bacteria that have started colonizing it the minute you first unsealed it. In addition, the plastic used in the manufacturing of these bottles is not made for long term use. To make the plastic flexible, phthalates might be used in the manufacturing of the bottle. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, a major environmental concern, and which can mimic the actions of hormones in our body. Those chemicals are relatively stable at room temperature (as well as when the plastic bottle is frozen), but they can be released into the bottle when the plastic is warmed. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) states that any chemical released from the bottle has been measured at a concentration below any established risk threshold. Until we know more, it’s probably best to limit our use of single-use plastic bottles and to avoid using them after they have been microwaved or washed at high temperatures.   Plastic (#7, polycarbonate) The rigid, reusable plastic bottles often seen clipped to a backpack are labeled as plastic #7, which usually means there are made of polycarbonate. However, other plastics can get that recycling number designation. Polycarbonates have been under scrutiny lately because of the presence of bisphenol-A (BPA) that can leach into the bottle’s content. Numerous studies have linked BPA with reproductive health problems in test animals, and in humans too. The FDA states that so far they have found the levels of BPA leached from polycarbonate bottles to be too low to be a concern, but they do recommend limiting children’s exposure to BPA by not heating up polycarbonate bottles, or by selecting alternate bottle options. Plastics containing BPA are no longer used in the United States for the manufacturing of children’s sippy cups, baby bottles, and baby formula packaging. BPA-free polycarbonate bottles were advertised to capitalize on the public fears of BPA and fill the resulting market gap. A common replacement, bisphenol-S (BPS), was thought to be much less likely to leach out of the plastics, yet it can be found in the urine of most Americans tested for it. Even at very low doses, it has been found to disrupt hormone, neurological, and heart function in test animals. BPA-free does not necessarily mean safe. Stainless Steel Food grade stainless steel is a material that can safely be in contact with drinking water. Steel bottles also have the advantages of being shatter resistant, long-lived, and tolerant of high temperatures. When choosing a steel water bottle, make sure the steel is not found solely on the outside of the bottle, with a plastic liner inside. These cheaper bottles present similar health uncertainties as polycarbonate bottles.   Aluminum Aluminum water bottles are resistant and lighter than steel bottles. Because aluminum can leach into liquids, a liner has to be applied inside the bottle. In some cases that liner can be a resin that has been shown to contain BPA. SIGG, the dominant aluminum water bottle manufacturer, now uses BPA-free and phthalate free resins to line its bottles, but it declines to reveal the composition of those resins. As with steel, aluminum can be recycled but is energetically very costly to produce. Glass Glass bottles are easy to find cheaply: a simple store-bought juice or tea bottle can be washed and repurposed for water-carrying duty. Canning jars are just as easy to find. Glass is stable at a wide range of temperatures, and will not leak chemicals into your water. Glass is easily recyclable. The main drawback of glass is, of course, that it can shatter when dropped. For that reason, glass is not allowed at many beaches, public pools, parks, and campgrounds. However, some manufacturers produce glass bottles wrapped in a shatter-resistant coating. If the glass inside breaks, the shards remain inside the coating. An additional drawback of glass is its weight – gram-conscious backpackers will prefer lighter options. Conclusion At this moment, food-grade stainless steel and glass water bottles are associated with fewer uncertainties. Personally, I find the simplicity and lower economic and environmental costs of glass appealing. Most of the time, however, I find drinking tap water from an old ceramic mug perfectly satisfying. Sources Cooper et al. 2011. Assessment of Bisphenol A Released from Reusable Plastic, Aluminium and Stainless Steel Water Bottles. Chemosphere, vol. 85. Natural Resources Defense Council. Plastic Water Bottles. Scientific American.  BPA-Free Plastic Containers May Be Just as Hazardous.

Ethics In Business Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, Business Ethics

Ethics In Business Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, Business Ethics Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government ezdards and commercial ezdards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee might suffer if they do not follow through with their assignment. After the bogus testing was completed in the National Semiconductor labs, the documentation department also had to falsify documents stating that the parts had surpassed the governmental testing ezdards. From a legal and ethical ezdpoint, both the testers and the writers of the reports were merely acting as agents on direct orders from a superior. This was also the case when the plant in Singapore refused to falsify the documents and were later falsified by the employees at the have California plant before being submitted to the approval committees (Velazquez, 53). The writers of the reports were well aware of the situation yet they acted in this manner on the instruction of a supervisor. Acting in an ethical manner becomes a secondary priority in this type of environment. As stated by Alan Reder, . . . if they [the employees] feel they will suffer retribution, if they report a problem, they arent too likely to open their mouths. (113). The workers knew that if the reports were not falsified they would come under questioning and perhaps their employment would go into jeopardy. Although working under these conditions does not fully excuse an employees from moral fault, it does start the divulging process for determining the order of the chain of command of superiors and it helps to narrow down the person or department that issued the original request for the unethical acts. The third mitigating factor is one that perhaps encompasses the majority of the employees in the National Semiconductor case. We have to balance the direct involvement that each employee had with the defective parts. Thus, it has to be made clear that many of the employees did not have a direct duty with the testing departments or with the parts that eventually failed. Even employees, or sub-contractors, that were directly involved with the production were not aware of the incompetence on the part of the testing department. For example, the electrical engineer that designed the defective computer chip could act in good faith that it would be tested to ensure that it did indeed meet the required government endurance tests. Also, for the employees that handled the part after the testing process, they were dealing with what they believed

Free Essays on Population Disaster

Population Disaster? The People’s Republic of China is a vastly populated country. The inhabitants of the country make up approximately twenty percent of the world’s population. For nearly 2,000 years, the population of China fluctuated between 60,000,000 and 110,000,000. When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the population was approximately 540,000,000. Within three decades, the population had increased to over 800,000,000. During the next three decades the population is expected to increase by over 260,000,000. Although this is not as tremendous an increase as in the first thirty years of the country, this number is equivalent to the total population of the United States. This increase is driven by the high fertility rates of the 1950’s and 1960’s, which averaged between 5.6 and 6.3 children per woman. During the 1970’s and 1980’s the fertility rate dropped to around 1.8 children per woman. Even though the fertility rate has dropped, the population will continue to experience tremendous growth because of the large number of young adults of reproductive age. The United Nations Population Division estimates that China’s population will grow to 1,490,000,000 by 2025, but will decrease slightly to 1,480,000,000 by 2050. This decline is a result of China’s government enforced one-child policy. Some 58,000 children are born every day in China, which averages out to 20,000,000 births each year. This number would be much higher if not for the one-child policy. Pregnancies must be authorized and women must obtain a birth coupon before conception. Couples who do not follow these procedures have fines imposed upon them, sometimes amounting to more than what they would earn in an entire year. This one-child policy has also resulted in the mass murder of infant girls. Many female fetuses are aborted because of the strong preference for boys in the country. Upon birth, girls are routinely... Free Essays on Population Disaster Free Essays on Population Disaster Population Disaster? The People’s Republic of China is a vastly populated country. The inhabitants of the country make up approximately twenty percent of the world’s population. For nearly 2,000 years, the population of China fluctuated between 60,000,000 and 110,000,000. When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the population was approximately 540,000,000. Within three decades, the population had increased to over 800,000,000. During the next three decades the population is expected to increase by over 260,000,000. Although this is not as tremendous an increase as in the first thirty years of the country, this number is equivalent to the total population of the United States. This increase is driven by the high fertility rates of the 1950’s and 1960’s, which averaged between 5.6 and 6.3 children per woman. During the 1970’s and 1980’s the fertility rate dropped to around 1.8 children per woman. Even though the fertility rate has dropped, the population will continue to experience tremendous growth because of the large number of young adults of reproductive age. The United Nations Population Division estimates that China’s population will grow to 1,490,000,000 by 2025, but will decrease slightly to 1,480,000,000 by 2050. This decline is a result of China’s government enforced one-child policy. Some 58,000 children are born every day in China, which averages out to 20,000,000 births each year. This number would be much higher if not for the one-child policy. Pregnancies must be authorized and women must obtain a birth coupon before conception. Couples who do not follow these procedures have fines imposed upon them, sometimes amounting to more than what they would earn in an entire year. This one-child policy has also resulted in the mass murder of infant girls. Many female fetuses are aborted because of the strong preference for boys in the country. Upon birth, girls are routinely...

Descriptive analysis of a place you feel special memorable qualities Essay

Descriptive analysis of a place you feel special memorable qualities - Essay Example But I really like my high school and I feel the same as special and memorable, with a number of qualities. Imagine that you are sleeping on a warm bed and dreaming, and the time is 6 o’clock, early in the morning. Now, you know that sun will rise and you have only a few minutes to wake up, and somebody is coming nearer to pull you out from your bed. What will be your feeling? For sure, I will consider that person as an intruder into your privacy. When my school days were over and I was asked to join a college, I felt that my school is with special memorable qualities and I cannot forget it. For instance, my memories on my school are interconnected with my senses. If I happen to smell fresh varnish, my memory will make me remember the newly varnished furniture in my school. The fragrance from the flowers in my garden leads me towards the flowers in our school garden. When I enter my kitchen, the smell of cooked food leads me to our school canteen. Even the smell of a hot cup of coffee leads me to the school cafeteria. The partial vision of a class room leads me towards our class-ro oms, and the complete view of a book leads me towards our school library. When I touch my old note books, I can feel the lecture classes. The day before yesterday, I happened to go through my old text books. Then, I realized that those text books can stimulate my thought on my high school classes. For instance, I felt that some of the books were interesting because those subjects were handled by my favorite teachers. On the other side, I did not like to open some other text books because those books were related to some other subjects, I was not interested in. While traveling to my college, I used to imagine that how the new students in our high school are enjoying their classes. I feel jealous of them because they are happily studying in my own school! On the other side, college life is different but cannot be wonderful like my high school. Now I realize that I lost some close

WHAT IS THE REASON FOR GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY IS IT RELEVANT TO THE Research Proposal

WHAT IS THE REASON FOR GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY IS IT RELEVANT TO THE LAW AND POLICY OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES - Research Proposal Example Many companies are requiring high levels of flexibility from their subordinates as they increase their cross border activities. Furthermore, the changing trends towards diversity have put the firms under pressure to ensure that they get a global outlook. This is through having employees who emanates from different parts of the world. In 2011, the world changed dramatically. The financial crisis of 2009/2010 had a major impact on the global economy. Many countries across the world are still struggling to restore their local labor market. In countries that were highly affected, the local population eagerness to find a job abroad has increased immensely. Nevertheless, this does not necessarily mean that countries that have struggling economically are under pressure because the unemployed population will look for jobs in other countries. For instance, in some South European countries, the level of unemployment is very high. Nevertheless, the local population is not willing to leave their country in order to seek jobs elsewhere despite the ease to move to other European Union countries (Vance & Paik 2014). New opportunities keep arising in different markets across the world. With the increasing levels of competition in the local and international markets, companies are willing to take risks in order to tap to these opportunities. However, while opening these subsidiaries, they are forced to use some of their workforce that is experienced in dealing with customers who emanates from different cultural, racial, and religious background. The business world is changing rapidly. This has transformed the way companies are outsourcing their workforce, organize, and manage them. Currently, knowledge, trade, and technology are interlinked now more than ever (Vaiman & Haslberger 2013). The world is experiencing an explosive growth in the emerging markets, an aspect that is increasing the number of employees working away from their homes. In the past one decade, new

Violence in video games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violence in video games - Research Paper Example Such a lifestyle could only cause the individual to develop obesity among other poor health conditions, which can stimulate other health problems such as heart diseases and blood pressure. Research has gone ahead to show that playing video games increases the risk of suffering from many other diseases such as arthritis, diabetes and many more. Still on the health effects caused by video games, children and other players are likely to experience failing of vision. It is not healthy to the individual’s eyes when one spends long hours staring at the screen of the computer due to too much harmful radiation emitted as light. Many are the times when game addicts spend sleepless nights playing games. Those that do better will sleep late in the night for very few hours. Doctors and other medical officers have done their research and recommended that every human being should sleep for at least seven hours to keep mentally fit. Anyone therefore failing to follow this recommendation coul d be exposing themselves to risks of mental illnesses. This therefore means that by spending sleepless nights playing video games as many addicts do, may most likely invite mental instability to themselves. This implies that sleeping disorder is another health effect caused by playing video games. When students and children get addicted to playing video games, it becomes time consuming. This is how children end up wasting time that could have been used in carrying out better and meaningful activities such as reading and performing other chores.

Statistical Methods in Economics and Business Essay

Statistical Methods in Economics and Business - Essay Example A standard made by the institution. Now the conductors of the study have thought of using British Studies Program to see whether or not students will excel in the said aspect. Students form 10 institutions have attended to participate in the study and together with them, the faculty gets to supervise and coordinate with what are being offered by the Program. As a brief background of the British Studies Program, it offers business courses such as accounting and economics and non - business courses like the Legend of King Arthur and the Geography of Great Britain. The objective of the program regarding the study is that students are to be: As what can be observed from the design formulated form the study, we can clearly and able to see the changes or improvements made by the subject students so we can say that it is an appropriate design. A very systematic approach to the study and almost no subjectivity involved. At the beginning, those who conduct the study, of course, hypothesized that the program gives some significant positive effect on the students, but in conforming with technicality of using statistics to assess the subject to see any progress made, they just gave a hypothesis th

The topic of this paper should explain your ethical stand on Research

The topic of this should explain your ethical stand on environmental issues, in keeping with the focus of this course - Research Paper Example Environmental conservation dictates that the gas must be subjected to treatment before being released into the atmosphere in order to reduce the pollution of the environmental through hazardous gaseous compounds contained in the gas. Despite, getting rid of the waste materials, incineration process generates a lot of heat, which is often used for production of electricity, which on the other side is very useful in a variety of ways. The processes involved in the incineration of waste materials have undergone through evolutionary stages with better and more improved mechanisms being adopted to address the issues of shortcomings of the process at large. Among other issues that have faced great attention in improving the processes involved in incineration are the cleaning and treatment of the gasses emitted as well as safe combustion control methods to ensure the safety of the human beings that are involved in the process. This has therefore led to adoption of favorable precautionary me asures being designed and adopted both for the sake of operations at the incineration plant as well as for the sake of environmental concerns. Environmental ethics as used and applied within the sphere of human interactions regards with esteem the sovereignty of all life. Ethics refer to such activities that expose human beings and other living organisms such as animals and plants to hazardous conditions as unfavorable and this necessitates the design and adoption of other mechanisms of managing waste products, which would ensure the safety of all living organisms including the human beings (Brennan and Lo, 2008). Among notable improvements in the modern day incineration processes is the inclusion of separation stage, which had not been included in the traditional processes. The failure to remove the hazardous materials in the traditional practices exposed the workers to health risks as well as exposing the public to environmental risks. Moreover, the traditional practices failed to utilize the resultant heat for such uses as in generation of electricity. The methods were thus criticized of neglecting ethical concerns, which has great implication to entire life at large. Burning the trash has been advocated for in the methods used in waste-to-energy procedures of waste management practices. It has been used as one of the most effective method of producing renewable energy. It is a method that has been used in converting the residential, hazardous and commercial wastes into more friendly forms, which would be effective in conserving the environment as well as improving human life by reducing the hazards created by the waste materials. Waste food scraps, papers and plastics are among other wastes that are treated through incineration. The combustion of these products produces a lot of heat, which is used within many countries to produce electricity. However, it is worth noting that not all incineration plants adopted worldwide are used for electricity production . Among other benefits cited by the supporters of incineration as a method off addressing wastes are creation of employment, reducing the health risks that are associated with the organic waste materials, environmental conservation and the production of the electricity that can be used for other uses (Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, 2012). Incineration process involves a relatively higher number of people who

Statistical Methods in Economics and Business Essay

Statistical Methods in Economics and Business - Essay Example A standard made by the institution. Now the conductors of the study have thought of using British Studies Program to see whether or not students will excel in the said aspect. Students form 10 institutions have attended to participate in the study and together with them, the faculty gets to supervise and coordinate with what are being offered by the Program. As a brief background of the British Studies Program, it offers business courses such as accounting and economics and non - business courses like the Legend of King Arthur and the Geography of Great Britain. The objective of the program regarding the study is that students are to be: As what can be observed from the design formulated form the study, we can clearly and able to see the changes or improvements made by the subject students so we can say that it is an appropriate design. A very systematic approach to the study and almost no subjectivity involved. At the beginning, those who conduct the study, of course, hypothesized that the program gives some significant positive effect on the students, but in conforming with technicality of using statistics to assess the subject to see any progress made, they just gave a hypothesis th

Catholicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Catholicism - Essay Example The rise of Catholicism began gaining roots especially in the 16th Century when the protestant reformation started contravening the spirit and the beliefs of the common Christian doctrine that was in existence. Catholicism remains a strong force in the world today but its influence has been tremendously reduced. The history of Catholicism relates with the influential Roman Empire. During this time, the system of leadership was one that integrated both secular and church leadership together; the Pope was seen as a very important political and religious figure. Through his research Dr Paul Coulter established that the Roman emperor leadership was influenced by the conversion of its leaders, for example Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 312, he went ahead to legalize Christianity in the empire. Around 590, Gregory the Great became Pope at a time when the Roman Empire had collapsed and the clergy were very active in leadership all across Western Europe. Gregory emphasized on the role of Pope as a universal leader by using biblical interpretations, by then the bible was exclusively in the hands of the Pope. The spirit of Catholicism grew by far and wide and spread across Europe. Martin Luther who was an Augustinian monk around 1517 read the scripture and presented his interpretations to a door of Wittenberg cathedral thereby sparking a revolution that resulted to the Protestant Reformation (Coulter 4). The doctrine behind Catholicism is founded on the Bible, a holy book that is revered for its historical as well as current view. Historically, the Catholic Pope the only person who had a chance to interact with the Bible and deliver its teachings to the masses, this made the church very influential to the daily lives of people at that time. The Pope was able to challenge every authority but he could not be challenged by anybody himself. Galileo Galilei had to persuade the church authorities that the heliocentrism theory he had developed was not against the bible, this was after the Pope disputed the theory claiming it was unbiblical. To date the Bible remains a supreme doctrine among the Catholics, however its interpretation has brought some contention especially among scholars. Because of the interpretation, various factions of the Catholic Church have come up with divergent beliefs (Boettner 25). Recently, the issue of celibacy has been refuted by some catholic clergy who have gone ahead to marry despite the regulation by the church not to do so. It has emerged that celibacy has been based on the church traditions and not actually the teachings in the bible (Jones 14). The core teachings of the Catholic Church are diversified but remains to be the same; this is characterized by the conservatism that the church has tried to adopt over the ages. They believe in one universal true church, a conviction that is constantly recited in the apostle’s creed that is part of the belief in the church. The Pope is a very supreme author ity according to Catholicism; he represents the church as the ‘Vicar of Christ’, a continuation of the leadership of Peter, the apostle in the early church. The decisions by the church leadership are highly regarded and are used as a benchmark for ethics and spirituality. The tradition of the church outstands and is used as the

New Team Leadership Essay Example for Free

New Team Leadership Essay SUMMARY: Our organization is adding a new department for the company’s strategic plan to enter a new market segment. As the manager for the new department for Team A, one must evaluate each team member to include myself. This evaluation should consist of any current situations that may arise, culture, and any urgent matters. To approach this in a sensible manner, one should use any principles or methodology along with any best practices or guidelines that can assist with coming to any decisions that may need to be made. Prior to arriving at any conclusions, meetings will need to take place with current management and the team to assess the plans put forth. These meetings with management should include a brainstorming session, while at the same time provide management the opportunity to critique and analyze any results, and therefore provide any valuable feedback that may come from these meetings. This will help to identify any strengths and weaknesses of the plans that are currently in the developing stage, thus allowing Team A to make the necessary changes to help ease the transitioning of the new department. In today’s world, teams are now becoming an intricate part of many organizations as they begin to shift toward team environments. As organizations shift towards team environments, it provide opportunities for multiple personality types to come together thus increasing the chance for success throughout the company. TEAM LEADERSHIP AND EVALUATIONS In order to develop a great team, the team must understand the company’s  goals and expectations of what management is requiring within the new department. As the leader of the team, one has to know what the team needs are and provide any tools necessary to accomplish those goals expected from us. As the manager of this new department, I will evaluate each member of the team, to include myself and try to properly define or identify the personality type of each individual. After providing the Jungian 16-Type Personality assessment to each team member, the result for one individual was the ENFP personality type and the results of the remaining 3 members that includes myself were ENTP personality type (University of Phoenix, 2014). PERSONALITY TYPES Team Member Jerry Villanueva – Jerry’s assessment score is ENFP. ENFP personality types identify individuals like Jerry as outgoing because he is people oriented. It also mentions he has a creative side and is a highly optimistic person. Another thing about an ENFP personality type is that these individuals are inspiring, expressive, social and values-oriented. They do not like to miss out on anything that is going on around them and like to experience social events (Personality Max, 2007 – 2014). Jerry can be beneficial in that his personality type provides energy to the team and is enthusiastic in this new endeavor presented to Team A. He can be an advocate through his support for the team while displaying his vision for the big picture. Jerry can be exciting for the team because he is a passionate individual and is energetic when around people (Personality Max, 2007 – 2014). Team Member Jason Sanford, Janette Salgado, and Eddie Trevizo – The remaining team members, Jason, Janette, and Eddie’s assessment score is ENTP. ENFP personality types identify individuals such as Jason, Janette, and me as innovative people who are looking for new ideas or a new way of doing things. Though we can be individualistic in pursuing our thoughts or actions, an ENTP personality type is also versatile in that one is able to do many different things or have many different uses and can embrace a variety of skills. ENTP is also entrepreneurial. In other words, one is willing to take the risk of accepting a new challenge such as becoming the manager of Team A. ENTP personality types like to be the originator through logic, curiosity, and like to invent as possibilities can seem endless in an endeavor such as this. The willingness to contribute is also a positive and  can be intellectual (Personality Max, 2007 – 2014). EVALUATING THE SITUATION Determining what is a true sense of urgency. Urgency does not necessarily mean that the new department is in crisis mode. Goals must still be met and as a manager one should take a look at the big picture to determine what needs are not being met. Do not change one’s expectations on what should get done. As a manager, one must look around to determine how to establish a sense of urgency as a positive way to re-enforce company culture through positive change. Team members should develop a vision and strategy, communicate the change, and empower the employees. Team A members need to consider how to approach employees without creating panic to take the new department into the new market segment so that it becomes successful while incorporating a new management style and new positive environmental, organizational, behavioral, and work culture. LEADERSHIP APPROACHES As a manager, one should adjust the management style to the current situation. One also must provide a vision, be trustworthy, and encourage team members and employees to receive positive reaction. The manager shall provide a proactive and powerful message to create motivation. Assure that the right tools are available for employee’s and provide the necessary training to stimulate achieve trustworthiness. Training should be provided to managers to develop understanding of how to better evaluate situations to become effective. Review the situation and involve everyone when wanting to lead across cultural barriers and become an effective leader. Leadership should follow the five dimensions which involve integrity, consistency, openness, competence, and loyalty (Coulter Robbins, 2012). PRINCIPLE TO APPLY Principles one would choose to apply from various theories such as leadership behaviors like the democratic style that involves employees in its decision making process while using feedback to coach employees. One would also incorporate the seven leadership traits which are: desire to lead, drive, honesty and integrity, intelligence, self-confidence, extraversion, and job knowledge. Combining the leadership traits and democratic style behavior can help to achieve the necessary results for the  launch of the new department (Coulter Robbins, 2012). CONCLUSION To conclude this memorandum, it is the desire of Team A to accept the challenge of incorporating different personalities and expertise to manage this new department. As manager, I accept full responsibility to ensure the success of this venture. Team A looks forward to creating a positive environment where visions, innovation, creativity, passionate, energetic, and enthusiastic individuals demonstrate and provide the drive to meet the company’s goals and expectations are met. Team A looks forward to a new and successful venture entering this new market segment and to a successful launch of the new department. References Coulter, M., Robbins, S. P. (2012). Management (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Personality Max. (2007 2014). Mypersonality.info. Retrieved from http://www.mypersonality.info/personality-types University of Phoenix. (2014). Self-assessment library 3.4. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT521 website.

Features of a Successful Brand

Features of a Successful Brand The word brand is derived from the Old Norse brandr, meaning to burn. It refers to the practice of producers burning their mark (or brand) onto their products. A brand is the identity of a specific product, service, or business. A brand can take many forms, including a name, sign, symbol, color combination or slogan. A brand represents many more intangible aspects of a product or service: a collection of feelings and perceptions about quality, image, lifestyle and status. It creates in the mind of customers and prospects the perception that there is no product or service on the market that is quite like yours. In short, a brand offers the customer a guarantee and then delivers on it. A legally protected brand name is called a trademark. The word brand has continued to evolve to encompass identity it affects the personality of a product, company or service. For a successful brand there are lot many thing to do that are as follows: First of all you should know about the market that are you are going to target also a very clear idea about which target segment you are eyeing. People usually think that making a brand is just having a logo, tagline, and business card; youve completed your branding. But, unless youve carefully considered and defined ALL five of the key brand elements-position, promise, personality traits, story, and associations-you still have work to do. And, until youve infiltrated your brand into every level of your organization and built the discipline of consistency into every behavior, action, or communication-both internally and externally-you are not yet on the path to a successful brand strategy. Five Key Brand Elements Brand Position: Positioning is the art of creating a brand that can persuade and realistically demonstrate its relevance to a customers daily life to become his or her regular choice. The Brand Position is the part of the brand that describes what your organization does and for whom, what your unique value is and how a customer benefits from working with you or your product/service, and what key differentiation you have from your competition. Positioning is not created by the marketer or the individual brand itself, but by how others perceive it. Marketers dont create the positioning; rather, they create the strategic and tactical suggestions to encourage the customer to accept a particular positioning in his or her mind. For instance, bread and milk are not branded items, and despite companies push to try and brand the two products, no company has found much success building brand equity. When customers want either one of those staple items, they usually choose what is on sale or w hat is available on their local grocers shelves. Beer and cola, on the other hand, are heavily branded product categories: Consumers have formed a relationship with and will search out their preferred brands. To position your offering properly, you need to identify the key attributes or benefits that represent the value of your product or service. That will, in turn, create trust in your brand. As you begin to understand the relationship that your customers have with your brand, you will be able to more efficiently meet their needs, wants and desires through your brand. Brand Promise: The Brand Promise is the single most important thing that the organization promises to deliver to its customers-every time. To come up with your brand promise, consider what customers, employees, and partners should expect from every interaction with you. Every business decision should be weighed against this promise to be sure that a) it fully reflects the promise, or b) at the very least it does not contradict the promise. Benefits need to be backed with some sort of persuasive reason to believe the products hype. Many times, products or services have some formula or patent that is unique from all the other brands out there. Why do we trust Pantene shampoo, for instance? Because we believe in the brands revolutionary Pro-V formula that leaves hairs strong and healthy. Why do we believe Secret antiperspirant will keep women smelling sweet? Because its pH balanced for a woman, and not a man. Ask yourself: What promises are you making about your brand? Can my products or services follow through on those promises? Brand Personality: Brands that carry with them a true persona, and the beliefs and experiences similar to a personality make a brand rise to a new level. After all, its hard not to like someone with a good personality. In matters of branding, a personality helps to humanize an otherwise inanimate object or service so that a prospects defenses are lowered. An attractive brand personality can pre-sell the prospect before the purchase, reinforce the purchase decision, and help forge an emotional link that binds the buyer to the brand for years to come. In such cases, you are more willing to overlook flaws and search for strengths. A brands personality can offer the single most important reason why one brand will be chosen over another, particularly when there are few product or service features that are different between competing brands. The personality gives the consumer something to relate to that can be more vivid than the perceived positioning of the brand. Although a strong ident ifiable personality is not imperative, it can make it easier for customers and prospects alike to understand what the marketer has to offer. Even more important, a brand with a distinctive personality presents the would-be buyer with something he or she can relate to as an individual, a practical prerequisite for success in an increasingly individual-driven marketplace. Personality is usually shown in three ways. Provider-driven Provider-driven images are popular with services because there is a greater need to build confidence between the provider and seller since there is usually an intangible product on the table. Brands that lean heavily on the provider image include insurance companies and financial institutions. Prudentials The Rock and Allstates Youre in good hands, show that the brand is trustworthy and their brands reflect the same attitude. Image of the user Other brands like to show that the people who use the brands are people that you could be friends with, relate to, or want to be like. Many companies with branded products geared toward Generation X and Y use this tactic. However, these generations are also skeptical of marketers and are keenly aware of when a brand is targeting them. Image of the product or service As strange as it may sound; packaged products often take on a personality that consumers can relate to. Whether through a mascot or an animated figurine, products come to life to give consumers more than just a brand to trust, but also a face. For instance, the Pillsbury Doughboys laugh reinforces that the product will make your family feel good. Brand Story: The Brand Story illustrates the organizations history, along with how the history adds value and credibility to the brand. It also usually includes a summary of your products or services. The story and meaning of your brand is its most valuable and irreplaceable asset. Great brands large or small have a story that conveys both a truly valued attribute and an attitude which in combination sets them apart. You can rarely make up a great brand story, its usually already there. Our role is to uncover that story for you, bring it to life and then integrate it throughout your business. Most brands today dont have the financial muscle to buy awareness or market share and operate in arenas where consumers are no longer spectators. Instead they are constituents that ask increasingly tougher questions of brands. This makes it critical to ensure that brands not only encapsulate a business or products unique story but also work as hard as possible at every touch point. Brand Story has a wealth of experience gained from working with blue chip top 100 company brands to absolute start-ups and were equally comfortable and motivated in both scenarios. Brand Associations: Brand Associations are the specific physical artifacts that make up the brand. This is your name, logo, colors, taglines, fonts, imagery, etc. Your brand associations must reflect your brand promise, all of your brand traits, and support your brand positioning statement. Brand Associations are not benefits, but are images and symbols associated with a brand or a brand benefit. For example- The Nike Swoosh, Nokia sound, Film Stars as with Lux, signature tune Ting-ting-ta-ding with Britannia, Blue color with Pepsi, etc. Associations are not reasons-to-buy but provide acquaintance and differentiation thats not replicable. It is relating perceived qualities of a brand to a known entity. For instance- Hyatt Hotel is associated with luxury and comfort; BMW is associated with sophistication, fun driving, and superior engineering. Most popular brand associations are with the owners of brand, such as Bill Gates and Microsoft, Reliance and Dhirubhai Ambani. Brand associations are formed on the following basis: Customers contact with the organization and its employees; Advertisements; Word of mouth publicity; Price at which the brand is sold; Celebrity/big entity association; Quality of the product; Products and schemes offered by competitors; Product class/category to which the brand belongs; POP ( Point of purchase) displays; etc One Mantra Once youve developed and defined a relevant brand, you must begin building the brand with employees, customers, prospects, partners, etc. through consistent execution. Repetition is the key to the success of the branding process. Now after building up of your brand you must check out these three things at regular interval of time and that is your employee, customers services that you are offering. Because building up of any brand your employee play a very vital role. No one, including your employees, will ever really know or remember what your brand is, unless it is the same every time they are exposed to it. They only present your brand to the customers by direct conversation. If your product is good enough then customers will come again again and also convey the same to their friends relatives. Whether it is planned or not, word of mouth is well worth the effort it takes to generate it. Word of mouth is still considered the most potent marketing communication of all because its dispensed by the most credible sources of all ordinary citizens who dont carry a built-in bias of commercial sponsors. When your company is lucky enough to be the beneficiary of word of mouth, your identity problems may be over, and your capacity problems may just be beginning.

Modern Witchcraft :: Witchcraft Witches Magic Essays

Modern Witchcraft Magical Manipulation Many witches do not believe in spirits, and most if not all reject belief in a literal Devil or demons. Naturally, therefore, they reject the idea that sorcery and divination are accomplished by the agency of evil spirits. Many offer naturalistic explanations for the working of magic and divination and other "psychic technologies." On the whole, the occult community today has expanded its definition of "the natural" to incorporate elements that were earlier considered supernatural, placing them in the category of the super- or paranormal instead. Yet, they are still involved in the "old ways" -- that is, the occult. Now You See it, Now You Don't What has happened in the occult world in the past two or more decades is just what C. S. Lewis described in his classic work, The Screwtape Letters -- which portrays an experienced demon (Screwtape) writing letters of advice to a novice demon (Wormwood): I have great hopes that we shall learn in due time how to emotionalize and mythologize their science to such an extent that what is, in effect, a belief in us, (though not under that name) will creep in while the human mind remains closed to belief in the Enemy [i.e., God]. The "Life Force," the worship of sex, and some aspects of Psychoanalysis, may here prove useful. If once we can produce our perfect work -- the Materialist Magician, the man, not using, but veritably worshipping, what he vaguely calls "Forces" while denying the existence of "spirits" -- then the end of the war will be in sight. (1) Lewis's insights on the insidious strategy of Satan -- the archenemy of our souls -- appear to have been right on target in regard to modern occultism. (2) When observations like Lewis's are made, however, it is not uncommon to hear remarks to the effect that Christians attribute to the supernatural everything they cannot comprehend -- if it cannot be understood, it must be the Devil. However, this charge is unwarranted. While it is unfortunately true that some Christians tend to hyperspiritualize events and exclaim "the Devil did it," or "the Devil made me do it," this is certainly not the case with all. Many Christians have pointed out alleged demonic (or divine) occurrences which were -- in fact -- instances of fraud, anomalies, psychosomatic phenomena, auto- or heterosuggestion, and so forth. (3) Such Christians have demystified baffling occurrences and accounted for them by their natural causes.

Robert Frost :: essays research papers

It has been said many times that all men have a common bond, or a thread that joins them together. Robert Frost ¹s poem  ³The Tuft of Flowers ² explores the existence of such a bond, as experienced by the speaker. In the everyday circumstance of performing a common chore, the speaker discovers a sense of brotherhood with another laborer. Frost contrasts a sense of aloneness with a sense of understanding to convey his theme of unity between men. To understand the setting of the poem, one must first understand how grass was mowed in the time period in which the poem was written (1906). Grass was mostly mowed by hand using a scythe. The mowing was often done in the dew of the morning for better mowing. This left the grass wet, and it needed to be scattered for drying. The phrase turning the grass refered to the scattering of the grass for drying. In  ³The Tuft of Flowers, ² the speaker has gone out to turn the grass. Whoever did the mowing is already gone, for there are no signs of his presence. The speaker is alone. Then, a butterfly catches the speaker ¹s attention, and leads his gaze to a tuft of flowers, which the mower chose to leave intact. The patch of beauty left by his fellow worker causes the speaker to feel that he is no longer alone. There is a sense of understanding between the speaker and the mower, because an appreciation of beauty unites them. Frost uses peaceful images to relate the feeling of his poem. The setting is in a grassy field with a brook running through it. The tranquil feeling is added to by a silent butterfly, who searches for a flower upon which to land. In keeping with the peaceful surroundings, Frost speaks of a long scythe  ³whispering to the ground, ² and of hearing  ³wakening birds around. ² The speaker also listens for a whetstone  ³on the breeze ² to determine if there is anyone around, and finds a  ³leaping tongue of bloom ² beside the  ³reedy brook. ²  ³The Tuft of Flowers ² does not contain a definite meter, but it does have a strict rhyme scheme of AA, BB. The poem is organized in couplets, each of which contains a single thought. This makes the poem more charming and gives it simplicity, which adds to the overall feeling of peace and tranquility. Robert Frost provides many interesting ideas in  ³The Tuft of Flowers.

Crimes Against Children Essay

ABSTRACT Child abuse clearly has a negative impact on children and can result in behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and developmental difficulties. This may lead to greater difficulties later in life that will extend into adulthood. The use of proper investigation techniques and appropriate handling of cases, however, can result in less traumatization for child abuse victims. I. Introduction According to Hess & Orthmann (2010), law enforcement agencies are charged with investigating all crimes, but the responsibility is greater when children are involved. Because children are more vulnerable than other members of society, their protection under the law must be greater. Crimes against children cover an extensive range of crimes, including but not limited to: maltreatment, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, abduction, trafficking and molestation. Child abuse investigations involve many challenges and therefore warrant specific techniques and considerations for successful outcomes in terms of cases solved and prosecutions. This paper will begin by defining specific terms that are germane to the topic of crimes against children. The next section will provide a scope of the problem concerning crimes against children. The following section will offer a theory framework to account for offenders of crimes against children. The fifth section will offer a literature review of current research findings regarding crimes against children investigative techniques. This is followed by a discussion section that will identify strategies and recommendations for successful investigative outcomes. Finally, the last section will summarize and conclude the important aspects of crimes against children investigation strategies as they relate to successful outcomes and prosecution. The significance of this paper is that it contributes to the criminal  justice system by critically reviewing investigative strategies and techniques as they relate to their mission of successful outcomes in crimes against children cases. This paper is written for colleagues and clerisy who have a professional or academic interest in reducing crimes against children through utilizing the best investigative strategies and techniques. II. Maltreatment of Children Defined Maltreatment means to treat someone roughly or abusive (Hess & Orthmann, 2010). The four common types of maltreatment include neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. A. Child Neglect – The failure to meet a child’s basic needs. This could include starving a child, or not keeping a child clean and well-kempt. B. Physical Abuse – Refers to violence against a child. While the laws may vary from state to state regarding the specifics of what constitutes physical abuse towards a child, this term refers to excessive abuse such as punching, strangling, or causing bodily harm to a child. C. Emotional Abuse – Involves causing fear or feelings of unworthiness in a child. This may include hurling insults at a child, or intimidating a child. D. Sexual abuse – Sexually molesting a child, performing sexual acts, statutory rape, and seduction (Hess et al, 2010). III. Scope of the Problem The extent of the problem is described by two conflicting views. One on side of the spectrum, there is a maximalist alarmist perspective and on the other side there is the minimalist skeptical perspective. The maximalist alarmist perspective believes that child abuse and neglect is reaching epidemic proportions and unless drastic steps are taken child abuse will continue and only get worse. The minimalists consider the maximalist view to be overly exaggerated and overstated for their own self-serving purpose (Hess et al, 2010). According to Juvenile Offenders and Victims 2006 National Report, child fatalities are the most tragic consequences of maltreatment. An estimated 1,530 children died because of abuse or neglect. 41.1 percent of child fatalities were caused by neglect where physical abuse was also a major contributor. More than three-quarters of the children who died because of child abuse were younger than four years old. However, some experts  believe that child fatalities may be underreported by 50 to 60 percent (Hess et al, 2010). The effects of child abuse are upsetting, disheartening and potentially very dangerous. Child abuse and neglect result in serious as well as permanent physical, mental and emotional damage. Unfortunately, the effects of child abuse may lead some victims to behave in future criminal behavior (Hess et al, 2010). Emotional damage from the effects of child abuse is disturbing. It may cause the victim to have an increased level of aggression along with self-destructive tendencies. Antisocial behavior can put not only the family in harm’s way, but also the community (Hess et al, 2010). Antisocial behaviors along with physical aggression are two of the most constant outcomes of physical abuse. Fear and anger are also incorporated with abused children. Some studies have suggested that childhood abuse and neglect will reduce cognitive skills and can lead to attention defi cit disorders. In addition to deficit disorders, neglected and physically abused children do not do well in school. These children tend to produce low grades, lower standardized tests scores and much retention in the same grade, but neglected children are far worse off than those who are physically abused (Chalk, Gibbons, Scarupa, 2002). IV. Theory Framework to Account for Offenders Crimes against children have numerous broad based causations rooted in criminological, psychological, and biological theory constructs. From a crimes against children investigative perspective, the power and control theory, (as a subset of conflict criminology), as posited by Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson (1990) accounts for a significant niche of offenders. In their theory Hagan et al. (1990) describe the power bestowed to males by the patriarchal system of marriage. While primarily an explanation of domestic violence, the power and control theory also incorporates domestic aspect of child abuse, neglect, and sexual assault (Hagan et al., 1990). Hess and Orthmann (2010) add further support in their claim that 90 percent of child abuse suspects are parents or an adult known to the child. Tanner (2009) notes limitation of the power and control theory is it does not explain or predict violent behavior, only that offending behavior toward children does occur in significant numbers in a pat riarchal construct. Even with this limitation, the power and control theory is useful in identifying offenders  and developing useful policies and strategies in crimes against children investigations. V. Literature Review A specific technique for a better outcome for handling child victim cases would be to establish a children’s advocacy center. Allowing these centers to place law enforcement officers, child protection workers, prosecutors, therapists, medical professionals all in one center will be to coordinate investigations, prosecution and treatment to the young victim. These centers can conduct child-friendly interviews rather than multiple interviews that may be in an interrogation room or in the house where the abused victim was neglected to such criminal activity. By placing children in an advocacy center and using a multidisciplinary team approach, it is easier for a team of professionals to work together to ensure that the maltreatment of the child is responded to in the best possible way with the least amount of further trauma. These centers â€Å"†¦improve the quality of information and increase the number of successful prosecutions† (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999). Unfortunately in the criminal justice system, law enforcement agencies must vie for federal funding and therefore resources like advocacy centers may not always be available in all cities and towns to coordinate such a team of professionals. Another idea that has been proven to work better than others would be to bring other agencies together and form a multidisciplinary team approach to the situation. The purpose of bringing these teams and agencies together is to limit the amount of times the child is interviewed, to coordinate intervention, and to reduce the amount duplication of agency procedures (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999) Joint and coordinated responses help cases not â€Å"fall through the cracks† (Hess & Orthmann, 2010). Joint interviews and monitored interviews will help reduce inconsistencies that may occur and improve the quality of information that is given by the child (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999). VI. Discussion/Recommendations Investigating child neglect and maltreatment cases can be very demanding and is perceived by prosecutors as the most difficult to prosecute. Protecting the child from further harm, interviewing the child, and the need to involve  other agencies are three challenges that occur when investigating child abuse and neglect (Hess et al, 2010). To help address these issues, there are some strategies in place to help children in need. To protect the child from further harm, under welfare regulations and codes, an officer may place a child in temporary custody without a warrant if there is an emergency (Hess et al, 2010). To help overcome challenges (i.e., short attention spans, difficulty discussing the abuse, and the fact the child was most likely told not to tell anyone) when interviewing a child, officers should consider the children’s age, their ability to describe what happened, and the retaliation by the suspect once the child â€Å"tells† (Hess et al, 2010). One idea w ould be to consider inviting a social worker or therapist who has studied child psychology and who is formally trained and has experience talking with troubled and abused children. VII. Conclusion Crimes which are committed against children have dire consequences, not just for the victims but for society as a whole. Police investigations of crimes against children require specific strategies and techniques for successful outcomes. With a wide scope of crimes being committed against children, law enforcement officials are charged with ensuring the safety of the child, and getting all the information about the crime from the child. This may involve bringing in social workers, creating children advocacy centers or other mental health professionals in order to provide an environment where children can feel they are safe to talk about what has happened. While some solutions to this problem may be expensive, time-consuming, or difficult; protecting the child is the ultimate goal for law enforcement and proper training for those who are involved in child abuse cases is paramount to bringing justice for these young victims. VIII. References Chalk, R., Gibbons, A., & Scarupa, H. (2002). The Multiple Dimensions of Child Abuse and Neglect: New Insights into an Old Problem. Research Brief, Retrieved April 11, 2013, from http://www.childtrends.org/Files/ChildAbuseRB.pdf Hagan, J., Gillis, A. & Simpson J. (1990). Clarifying and extending the power and control theory. American Journal of Sociology, 9, (4), 1, 1024-37 Tanner, J. (2009). Teenage Troubles: Youth and Deviance in Canada, 3rd edition. Oxford Publishing U.S. Dept. of Justice. (1999). Breaking the Cycle of Violence: Recommendations to Improve the Criminal Justice Response to Child Victims and Witnesses. Office for Victims of Crime, 6, Electronic Source Only. Retrieved April 15, 2013 from: http://www.ovc.gov/publications/factshts/monograph.htm Hess, K. M., & Orthmann, C. H. (2010). Criminal Investigation (9th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.

Criminal Law Essay

1. What kind of strike does the law not allow to form the basis of self-defense claims? d. Preemptive Correct Question 2 The castle exception is an exception to what doctrine? a. the retreat doctrine Question 3 Which of the following cases involves the â€Å"New York Subway Vigilante?† c. People v. Goetz (1986) Correct Question 4 Most defenses are perfect defenses; if they’re successful, defendants are c. acquitted. Question 5 The retreat requirement is weakest or nonexistent when persons are attacked b. in their own homes. Correct Question 6 The defense of consent recognizes the societal value of a. individual autonomy. Correct Question 7 A defense in which the defendant admits the act but claims that, under the circumstances, they aren’t legally responsible is called b. excuse. Correct Question 8 A defense in which the defendant accepts responsibility for the act but claims what they did was right is called a. justification. Correct Question 9 Circumstances that convince fact finders that defendants don’t deserve the maximum penalty for the crime they’re convicted of are called c. mitigating circumstances. Correct Question 10 Which of the following never justifies the use of force against another person? a. retaliation Question 11 At the heart of the choice-of-evils defense is the necessity to prevent a. imminent danger. Correct Question 12 A person who was the initial aggressor can gain a lawful right to self-defense if they do which of the following from the incident they started? b. completely withdraw Correct Question 13 A person can use deadly force against an attacker whom the victim reasonably believes is going to cause them an injury less than death. The attacker is said to be threatening b. serious bodily injury. Correct Question 14 What is the heart of self-defense? a. necessity Correct Question 15 The general rule is that self-defense is available only against what type of attacks? b. Legal Question 16 Which of the following is a key requirement of the necessity defense? a. that no reasonable legal option exists for averting the harm Correct Question 17 The law of self-defense is undergoing b. major transformation. Correct Question 18 In some jurisdictions, a person must retreat before using defensive deadly force if a. he can with complete safety to himself and others. Correct Question 19 Defensive force may be used only if the threat or danger is  d. imminent. Correct Question 20 Evidence that doesn’t amount to a perfect defense might amount to an imperfect defense; that is, defendants are d. guilty of lesser offenses.

Critically assess the provisions of the Corporate Manslaughter and Essay

Critically assess the provisions of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 - Essay Example Thus, existing laws against corporate manslaughter are generally compared to a paper tiger. This used to be the case in UK where organized labor and other concerned sectors had for many years railed against the growing number of deaths at work in which nobody gets the blame and receives the appropriate penalty. In 2003, the country’s Trade Union Congress (TUC) noted that 10,000 Britons die at work each year, or one for every single hour. The report said in 2002 alone, 249 workers and 384 innocent bystanders were killed in workplace incidents, with 4,000 more dying from asbestos-related diseases and 6,000 from other occupational illnesses9. Media likewise estimated that over 40,000 people in UK had been killed in commercially related circumstances between 1966 and 200610, but under the old common law of manslaughter, only 34 companies were prosecuted for homicide and only seven resulted in convictions. The old laws such as the law of gross negligence treated work-related deaths like common crimes, which seldom gave justice to the victims because of the inherent difficulty of pinpointing blame in a corporate setting. Under this common-law crime of manslaughter, government solicitors prosecuted erring firms in many celebrated cases but failed. Among these cases were the 1990 capsizing of the Herald of Free Enterprise ferry boat owned and operated by P & O Ferries (Dover), which killed 192 people, and the Southall rail crash in 1997, which caused seven deaths and injuries to 151 others. In both cases there were difficulties in finding one senior person in the company who knew enough to incriminate him6. What was found galling in these disasters was that they were not caused by mere individual mistakes but were part of a systemic failure of safety management10, which cries for the prosecution of an entire organization. There was one case in which government

RITUALS&SYMBOLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RITUALS&SYMBOLS - Essay Example Most of the people were dressed nice, but some were wearing blue jeans and nice T-shirts with tennis shoes. The overall impression was a group of fashionable suburbanites at one of their more important social gatherings. The church looked as if it had been constructed sometime in the past ten years. It was relatively large and didn’t necessarily look like the traditional country church with steeple. Instead, it was shaped almost like an L, made of light brown brick and creamy white siding with darker brown brick accenting the cornerstones and other features. At one end of the church, there was an impressive open-air tower that might have been a modern interpretation of the old steeple. The roofs were sharply peaked and tiled in green, giving the church a very natural appearance as if it had been placed there by God for the use of his servants. Inside, the first thing a person entered was the lobby. This was a long, very wide corridor that was lined with windows and covered with skylights. This made it seem almost like standing outside, but was protected from the elements and could be heated and cooled at appropriate times. For those who feel the only proper worship should be held outside, this lobby was very close to bringing the outside in. The light associated with God seemed very welcome and people were offered drinks, food and religious reading or listening material as they passed by small tables. The sanctuary didn’t have as much light, but regular windows, curtained with soft, gauzy white fabric, also allowed plenty of natural light to stream in from the edges. The large array of pipes for the pipe organ stood impressively behind the altar with the choir standing in front of it singing a hymn and making it obvious that music was a large portion of this church’s worship. A large wooden cross and plenty of green potted plants, mostly palm-type plants, decorated the altar as well, again bringing to mind the concept of the natural

The Difference Between Licensing and Credentialing Assignment

The Difference Between Licensing and Credentialing - Assignment Example In addition, one must pay a fee of $100 for certification. In addition nurses are required to renew their national nursing certification after every two years upon which one must pay $75 as renewal fee. Additionally, nurses are required to have successfully completed thirty hours contact for ongoing education (Pennsylvania Department of State, 2013). On the contrary, the requirements for credentialing as an advance practice nurse may include; a license of a registered nurse as well as relevant education as specialist nurse. In addition, one must have met all the Pennsylvania regulatory requirements for an advanced clinical nurse (Zaccagnini & White, 2011). The multi-state licensure has the impact to both mobility of nurses and nursing practice among different states. In addition, multi-state licensure helps to improve delivery of health care. For example, it helps in carrying out telenursing (Sharpe, 2001). In addition, the legal process required to be licensed as well as be credentialed as advanced practice nurse may include: a person must have been licensed as a nurse. Secondly, one might be issued with a document that is separate from license by the Pennsylvania Board of Nursing. This document defines the scope of practice for an advanced nurse. Thirdly, a confirmation is obtained to from the Pennsylvania Board of Nursing to verify whether one has been authorized to practice as advanced nurse. In addition, one must collaborate with the entire nursing requirement as may define by the law (DeNisco, & Barker, 2013). Pennsylvania Department of State (2013).Nursing License Map: Nursing Licensure made Simple. Retrieved ; on 29th June

The Evening Dress in Victorian era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Evening Dress in Victorian era - Essay Example Also, I will discuss how this particular dress reflects issues of social, culture, class, work, lifestyle, leisure and home or more during the Victoria era. This dress was made by the Father of Haute couture, Charles Frederick Worth, during Queen Victoria reign in the year of 1882. The medium is silk. This evening dress was made elaborately and with a lot of detail. It has included a lot of important elements of Victorian style such as flounced on the cut off sleeves, neckline, bottom of the dress and the sweeper; the bow on the lower right dress and the bow design on the breast area; layers; balayeuse under the dress; cage crinoline and high waist to emphasize the shape of the women body; and no ankle showing. In addition, Charles Frederick Worth used the gauzes to created different layers and used flowers to decorate the dress to add more colors. This demonstrated that the women were conservative but still did not lose resplendent in the design. â€Å"Fashion is a language that creates itself in clothes to interpret reality.† said by one of famous designer Karl Lagerfeld. Clothes can always reflect the society in the particular period. During Queen Victoria reign, there was no war but peace and prosperity. On the other hand, it means the improvement in technology. In the early Victoria era women have to wear a larger number of petticoats underneath, but â€Å"in 1856 they were replaced by a ‘cage crinoline’ or hooped petticoat† (Laver, Haye, and Tucker 177). Because of the technology improved women can sit down easily and walk comfortable without carrying heavy petticoats underneath. The Victorian era evening gowns were made up of the same shape as the daytime gowns. Frequently, women had two tops for the one skirt as one was worn for day time, while the other one in the evening. There was also a significant difference in the necklines as they were highly trimmed, less conservative, and featured shorter sleeve