Tradition Hinders Our Progress

Tradition is the enemy of progress Weather it's religious traditions preventing the study of the dead for better understanding of the living to the churches traditions stopping the progress into the realization that the Earth is not the center of the universe or to take something recent Umbilical cord debates over weather to use them for life saving stem cell research. Tradition is the common enemy among Progress into the future people want the results of science we live our lives due to science but often many of our general populous does not agree with the means we use to get the radical discoveries of science. I can see how traditions can hinder progress:if you subscribe to past ideals it can deter from advancement. If we are going to look back at what Mary and John did in the past to solve a problem every time, then how are we going to move forward? What am saying is that look back once or twice get the formula then learn and apply that knowledge, improve on it then build but we keep going back and back and back and back!! It is in fact the enemy for progress. I think that traditions do prevent progess. The best example of this can be seen rulal areas where knowledge is just passed over from one generation to another and children are not allowed to study more they are just used as a labour. Another example is of early marriage of girls who are married at an age of 10 or 11 which ruin their lives. in the end i would like to conclude that these tradions r blocking our way to new things.

A Particular Friend or Family Member Essay

If I need to choose one of my family members, I may prefer to write about my superhero in my life that is my beloved father. Actually in my mind, I had three persons that always be my superheroes in my life. They are my elder sister that I call ‘Along’, my beloved mother and my beloved father. Each of them has their own achievement in their life that I think I should be proud and respect to them. Besides that, these three person are always be the person who always supporting me from my back when I need somebody to be my shoulder beside my closed friend. My father might not be the superheroes such like Superman, Spiderman or Batman but my beloved father are always be the great superhero in my life. There are the reasons why I choose my beloved father to be my super hero and the person I think I need to describe about. > First and foremost, I want to describe about the characteristics of my father that I love so much. Everyone in this world has their own father and surely they also have their own opinion about the characteristics of their beloved father. So do I, I also has my own opinion about the characteristics of my father that I impressed from I am kids until who I am today. He is an open-minded and a patient person because if I want to share anything to my father, he will listen carefully on what I want to talk about and after that he will try to give the best solution to me to solve the problem. After that, he is good disciplinarian because my father loves his children but he does not let we get away with murder. He strongly disapproves of his children’s misdeeds, using tough love to prove a point. He does this through the power of his words, not his fists. Furthermore, he is a firm father too because when he set a rule, he still give we a little freedom to break it with a rational re asons. In addition, from my observation my father has a great characteristic to be a good leader to my family, his friends and students. I cannot deny about it because I heard with my own ears what my father’s friends and students talking about his attitude in work and everything are positive criticism. Actually, I am proud to be his daughter because there too many achievement that my father achieved in his career. Sometimes I feel confused why my father’s friends said that I need to be proud with my own father. And now, I knew the reasons why and I agreed with them. The achievement that my father had achieved in his life really can inspire me to be like him. He is really hard working to get what he wants to achieve in his life. He really makes me feel that my father is a great person at my eyes. Furthermore, he is a discipline person in his work. If my father had nothing to do on that day, he will start to finish his work. My father will try to finish his work according to the plan he created. My father is a humble person too because the first point I see is my father not teach my family to live in clover, although in fact he was able to provide it. Then, my father still be himself even he had a great achievement in his life and he do not like to use his rank that he has in his daily life or anything. For him, the rank will bring us nowhere and it was just the rank. Last but not least, I really impressed with the history of life of my beloved father. My father actually are not comes from an easy family but with his hard working and perseverance in study can helps he to improve the standard of living of his family until now. That is why my father really focused about the education in our family. It is because my father always said that without education, we will go nowhere. That was his principle in life. My father does not want his own family not have an education even we cannot get the best achievement or a good career. He also wants to give the best to our family and I realized about that I really impressed to make my father as the role model that I can emulate in my life. For conclusion, we need to give our best in anything we do in this life. Besides that, we need to know on how to appreciate the kindness and others person around us especially our beloved father. Their sacrifices cannot be valued with a million dollars of money or the diamonds in this world. Make our father as our superhero are the best choice because there can be good role model to us in life. A true friend A friend who helps out when we are in trouble is a true friend—unlike others who disappear when trouble arises. Friends are one of most important things in our lives. Unfortunately we have a few real friends. I have a lot of friends- girls and boys. It doesn’t matter what they are. They have to be my real friends. He or she has to be good and reliable. It doesn’t matter how he or she looks like. He or she has to be responsible and helpful. I think these people are one of the best people in the world. If she or he is attractive and sensitive it will be wonderful! Just like me! But we have to be good with our friends who haven’t got character like this. Every man has features which he doesn’t like. We shouldn’t forget that we are people, too. I’m sure that if we are good with people we will have more and better friends. I have a friend named Nobin Jacob who went to the High School –India (September 18, 2001) . He did not have to work because he parents paid for her school and all his expenses. All he had to worry about was studying and doing his homework. Nevertheless, instead of using the time wisely, he would always put off doing his schoolwork by saying that there is enough time to do it later. Moreover, almost ever every afternoon he watched television and talked on the phone with his friends. Still, he preferred to study after eight o’clock at night, but this was the time his friends wanted to go out. Unfortunately, he would hardly ever do his homework; thus, his essays were also late. After Nobin’s first year at the school, his grades seemed to get worse and worse. What do you think would happen if Elizabeth would have to work and pay her own tuition? Do you think it would change her behavior toward school? Finally, I concluded that students who pay their own tuition are more likely to do well in school. First and most importantly, I think it is proper time management that effects good performance in school. Let us look at the students who do not have to pay their own tuition, so they do not have to work. Because they have a lot of free time after school, they think that there is enough time to do their homework later, so they do not even bother to think about it and plan when to do it. For example, think about the time that some of them waste by watching their favorite TV shows, or by playing games on the Internet. This time could be used for doing math problems or for starting to write an essay, which could be due in a week. These students tend to put things off for later. On the other hand, because students who work while going to school have a limited time for studying and doing homework, they have to plan their time for the future, so they do not put themselves behind other classmates. They see time as time blocks, so they plan their work ahead. For example, if they know that they are working tomorrow, and their homework is due in three days, most likely they would start doing their homework today because they realize that tomorrow they will be too tired after work to do their homework. Indeed, time for work and school can be hard to juggle, but it helps students organize their time, so there is enough time to do the assigned homework or to study. In fact, they are paying for school with their own money; thus, they do not want to waste the opportunity to do well in school. For this reason, students who work and go to school at the same time value time more than students who do not work; working students must know how to organize their time to Close Friend Every human has their own needs and wants. Needs like food, home, clothes and so on are very significant for each and every human. Besides all those necessity, every human also needs to have a friend. Friends are one of most important things in our lives. I think these people are one of the best people in the world. Friends are people that you can rely on. Some name their friend as close friend. This happens when a particular friend, be concerned with you more like a family and vice-versa. You will get to know each other deeply. I have a lot of friends- girls and boys. But they are not my close friend. I can trust all of them though. They might be nice and friendly to me but they might not understand the real me. My close friend should be someone who knows every single thing about me, loving and is someone a part of me. Like everyone else, I also do have a friend; close friend. My close friend’s name is Tina. There is nobody like her who had changed my life dramatically. I first met Tina at my uncle’s wedding. I still remember she was dressed in a very astounding dress and was the center of attraction. I was very jealous of her back then. After having dinner, the dance floor was opened. I was afraid to ask her to dance with me and so was she. After few minutes, she walked towards me and she asked,† You’re Uncle Marik’s daughter right?†. I replied yes. I asked her how she knows me. Then she said that her father and my father are childhood friends. And that’s how we started talking to each other. We danced all night long. Tina is actually from Penang. Since it was too late that night, she and her family stayed over at my place. We got to know each other better now. I was sad when she had to go back the next day. Although we have just met, but I feel very happy having her by my side. After a few days, her mother called my mother to ask permission if Tina can stay with Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical diseasecaused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threateningdengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti. The virus has four different types; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. As there is no commercially available vaccine, prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive, using either oral or intravenous rehydration for mild or moderate disease, and intravenous fluids and blood transfusion for more severe cases. The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically since the 1960s, with around 50–100 million people infected yearly. Early descriptions of the condition date from 1779, and its viral cause and the transmission were elucidated in the early 20th century. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is endemic in more than 110 countries. Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes, work is ongoing on a vaccine, as well as medication targeted directly at the virus. Typically, people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic (80%) or only have mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever.[1][2][3] Others have more severe illness (5%), and in a small proportion it is life-threatening.[1][3] The incubation period (time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 3–14 days, but most often it is 4–7 days.[4] Therefore, travelers returning from endemic areas are unlikely to have dengue if fever or other symptoms start more than 14 days after arriving home.[5]Children often experience symptoms similar to those of the common cold and gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea)[6] and have a greater risk of severe complications,[5][7] though initial symptoms are generally mild but include high fever.[7] The Causes And Effects Of Cramming Essay Every Day Student goes to school and university, and they are learning new material and new assignments. Some students study every day what they learnt, but some students let the studying until they have exams or something to do. That’s called cramming. What is the meaning of cramming? , and what are the causes of cramming? , and what are the positive and negative effects of cramming? Cramming is the practice of trying to study a large amount of class material in a short period, typically the night before an exam, test, or quiz. It is often done by students in preparation for upcoming exams .Students cram for a number of reasons including fear of failure because of disabilities, over with little or no time to study. This can happen to students with jobs, family obligations, or who may be involved in too many extra-curricular activities. Cramming may increase levels, low motivation to study on a regular basis well before time for tests, and underachievement. Cramming is often d iscouraged by educators because the hurried coverage of material tends to result in poor retention. There are various causes of cramming. First, the students do not follow a fixed time for study because they don’t schedule their studying. Second, students’ don’t take notes of important points given in the lecture, so they don’t study well for their quizzes and exams. Third, the students did not revise the material from time to time, so they forget the material. For example, a student took new topics in math. He should not revise it only in the day of the exam, but he should revise it from time to time. Also, another cause of cramming that the student feel boring of studying during the semester, so he/she will leave studying until the exams start. Cramming has a lot of negative and positive effects. There are variable negative effects of cramming. First, the person uses the memory instead of understanding the concepts and getting benefit from the material.

Mass media not only gives the latest news and trends Essay

Over decades, mass media has been used to propagate information to the target audience. It has been a powerful tool that has been used by different people to express their interests on their audience. However, it comes with both positive and negative effects to the society depending on the channel used. Sometimes, channels are not sensitive on the kind of audience thus arousing fear, controversy, violence, or other emotions associated with the message being conveyed. Many experts have conducted research on the effects of mass media on the youth (Guarino & Carter, 2013). Their findings indicate that mass media has a positive effect on the young people due to its educative nature. However, they advise that the youth should be exposed to information that is in synch with their development phase. All the media sources enhance knowledge through provision of information. For instance, news increases self-awareness by updating the audience about the daily events happening in the society. This develops concern about social issues within the population segment, which is most productive. Mass media not only gives the latest news and trends, but also contributes to the enhancement of vocabularies and command of language. Young & Launer (2011) explain that advancement of general knowledge leads to the rise of a youthful population that is able to express their views with appropriate language that alleviates conflicts and controversies as a result of misunderstandings. The print media is vital for the development of a reading culture in the society. The habits ensure that the youth are well informed on the social trends and other aspects that are vital for socio-economic growth in the whole social matrix (Bacal, 2013). Studies indicate that the methods used to deliver information influences the cognitive processing capacity of the audience. Moreover, the methods improve the learning progress of the youth since their brains are at their optimum learning phase. Axon (2011) states that significant knowledge gains have been witnessed when the participants are exposed to current affairs, social issues, and other forms of information based on varying contexts. Due to the broad range of information being propagated, mass media overwhelms us with tons of information. The nature and amount of information increases the brain’s capacity to gain more knowledge. So, mass media creates an avenue that stimulates the need for exploration and curiosity, which are essential for effective development of the brain (Donohue, 2011). In addition, mass media develops the reflective segment of the brain that processes the factual, objective, and analytic elements, which influence response to varying situations. The development of this segment leads the person to have rational thoughts: they are the ones that determine the formulation of response depending on the situation. Therefore, the youth who are conversant with the dynamics of mass media develop a balance between the real world and the environment created by media activities. The efficiency of knowledge acquisition and retain ability depends on the ability of the mind to access long sequences of information and putting it together in order to establish relationships. Wilson (2011) explains that our culture is dominated by activities which improve declarative memory if well utilized. Therefore, mass media is a major contributor to the development of various segments of the brain, which is an advantageous effect on the young population since they are a part of the target audience. In his article, Debatin (2013) further explains that mass media has profound effects on the modern culture. The availability of constant information influences the social behavior of the youthful population due to the nature of messages being propagated. They not only promote the intended interests, but also stimulate attitudes, moods, and other forms of emotions that define social behavior. Therefore, mass media influences the transformation of the social and cultural values of the general audience. The influential nature of media contributes to positive development of thoughts and behavioral patterns of the youth. The media has contributed to positive transformation of the way people think. In reference to Gentile (2011), cultivation of good behavioral patterns strengthens the social bonds in the community. It also creates a young population that is able to work and live together as a way of developing the country. The advent of media technologies that enable propagation of information to all population segments has led to effective social control. Through media, announcements, advertisements, and messages that require the audience to follow some form of instruction is possible. This has been made successful by the strong link that exists between the youth and mass media (Gunther, 2013). Its positive effect has created an audience that is obedient and flexible to the changes occurring in the society. In addition, the media influences the health status among the youth by providing educative programs about physical fitness and diet. The programs can be used to influence the lifestyle of the young people by offering nutritional recommendations that promote a healthy lifestyle. Statistics indicate that commercials that encourage healthy eating take fourteen percent of the time spent by the youth in mass media platforms (Moran, 2013). Since the young people make up the most active population segment, many companies target them. Products such as alcohol and cigarettes are mostly consumed by the young people. The mass media can be used to influence their consumption behavior through passive advertisements, which discourage their use. Therefore, the mass media can be used as a positive influence on the social behavior of the target population (Sterin, 2011). Oliver & Jinhee (2012) explain that one of the positive media effects is the enhancement of interpersonal relationships and communication. They further elaborate that the interpersonal relationships developed influence the complex social dynamics. This is because the messages propagated affect the social institutions depending on their context as a major deciding factor on the choice of their response. Therefore, the efficient delivery of information to the target audience is a fundamental factor for determining effective interactions in the society. Porfilio, Car, & Miranda (2011) state that media activities change peoples’ perspective on various issues that affect society. These activities cultivate positive perceptions on the modern youth over time due to continuous exposure to mass media. Although the creation of perceptions is a complex process, it shapes the methods, which the audience approaches social challenges resulting to the development of better social norms. Therefore, the role of mass media in manipulating perceptions within the social context comes with positive consequences on the young population. In conclusion, the amount of benefits derived from mass media depends on how its capacities are utilized. Its influential nature can be used to create social trends that promote better lifestyle, which is an essential factor for optimizing human capital. In addition, it has made the world a global village where information reaches its target audience within a short time irrespective of their locations. This availability of information is vital for expanding the information processing capabilities of the modern young population. It also expands the knowledge base and command of various issues of concern in the society. At the same time, it creates self-awareness and a sense of responsibility among the young population. Therefore, the mass media has positive effects on the population segment under consideration. References Axon, D. (2011). Effects of Mass media on the Society. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from American Communication Journal: http://services. trueserials. com Bacal, R. (2013). Mass Media and the Effects on Society. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Presse Radio: http://www. presseradiotv. com Debatin, B. (2013). Media Ethics in a Fast Changing Media Environment. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Journal of Mass Media Ethics: http://www. tandfonline. com Donohue, T. (2011). Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Public Opinion Quarterly: http://poq. oxfordjournals. org Gentile, W. (2011). Impact of media use on children and youth. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from National Institutes of Health: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov Guarino, M. , & Carter, B. (2013). The rise of new media and Internet power schemes: An impact study of social media rise. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Academia. edu: http://www. academia. edu Gunther, A. (2013). The Persuasive Press Inference: Effects of Mass Media on Perceived Public Opinion. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Communication Research: http://crx. sagepub. com Jacobs, R. (2012). Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www. diesel-ebooks. com Moran, M. (2013). Understanding the Global TV Format. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www. diesel-ebooks. com Oliver, M. , & Jinhee, B. (2012). Exploring Implications of Perceived Media Reinforcement on Third-Person Perceptions. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Communication Research: http://crx. sagepub. com Porfilio, B. , Car, P. , & Miranda, M. (2011). Youth culture, the mass media, and democracy. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Academic Exchange Quarterly: http://rapidintellect. com Sterin, C. (2011). Mass Media Revolution [Kindle Edition]. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www. amazon. com Swanberg, A. (2013). The CNN effect: can the news media drive social trends. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from CNN: http://www. cnn. com Wilson, B. (2011). The Anatomy of Mass Media. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from Journal of Media Psychology: http://services. trueserials. com Young, M. , & Launer, M. (2011). The Impact of New Media on Traditional Mainstream Mass Media. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from BBC: http://www. bbc. co. uk

How the World Empires of the late Iron Age Near East (Assyria, Essay

How the World Empires of the late Iron Age Near East (Assyria, Babylon, Persia) fundamentally reshaped the political and socia - Essay Example This civilization started with the Sumerians at about 5000 BC and continued through the bronze and iron ages until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC or Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. In fact, the iron age, the final technological and cultural stage in the Stone–Bronze–Iron-Age sequence, started in the Ancient Near East in about 1300 BC (Waldbaum 1978). During the Iron Age, there were several regional powers, each vying for dominance of the region. These powers include the kingdoms of Assyria, Babylonia, Luwian, Aramaic, Urartu and the Persian Empires. Following the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III, Assyria assumed a position of great regional power, competing with its southern Mesopotamian rival Babylonia. The Persian Empire at the height of its power, rule over significant portions of Greater Iran. It was the largest empire of classical antiquity, spanning three continents that include Asia Minor, Thrace, many of the Black Sea, Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west and east as Libya, Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan, and Central Asia. These kingdoms were, indeed, center of civilization (Waldbaum 1978). They were the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture by taking advantage of the accessible water supply, which provide water for irrigation, and the ideal climate. They also gave the rest of the world the first system of writing in addition to inventing the potter’s wheel and the vehicular- and mill wheel. Notable among their influence in history and contribution to civilization is their centralized system of government, law codes, social stratification, and organized warfare. In fact, the idea of political or legal authority is exerted or coordinated by a de facto political executive (king) to which all other authorities must submit have its root in the Ancient Near East. Furthermore, these empires gave th e world the first codified legal system. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi provides an example: â€Å"If any one ensnares another, putting a ban upon him, but he cannot prove it, then he that ensnared him shall be put to death.† Their tax structure, which was basically rent, was apparently based on the principle that all of the conquered lands were the actual property of the king. One of their most influential contributions is their religious thoughts. For instance, the cosmogonies of Egypt, Babylonia, Phoenicia, and Anatolia were transmitted in part to the West and formed the basis of much of the cosmogonies of Hesiod and the Orphics before 600 BC, as well as the background for the cosmogonies of Thales and Anaximander in the 6th century BC (Encyclop?dia Britannica). In addition, the religious tradition of the Near East Kingdom also influenced Pythagorean and Platonic thinking. Furthermore Stoic philosophy was influenced by Babylonian astrology. As mentioned above, the empire s of the Near East are reputed for their centralized system of government. At the center of government was the Kings, known as king of kings. His court is composed of powerful hereditary landholders, the upper echelons of the army, the harem, religious functionaries, and the bureaucracy that administered the whole (Encyclop?dia Britannica). The provinces were administered by governors, appointed by the king of kings. The

IP Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IP Law - Essay Example Firm managers carry out valuation of their patents when they are deciding whether or not to file a patent application or refurbish a patent, when computing royalties for patent licensing contracts, when calculating the value of a potential merger or acquisition, and when calculating their own corporate value. Lawyers and judges value patents in suits of patent infringement; financial institutions calculate the value of patents when they use the intangible asset as collateral for bank loans; and investors and financial analysts value patents to evaluate the cost of firms as a foundation for their investment decisions and recommendations (Hall, 1992; Martin and Drews, 2005). IP in the form of patentable technology, legally protectable trademarks and designs, copyright and others have progressively become the most crucial assets, not only for many of the worlds largest companies, but also for small and medium enterprises (Schweihs, 2002). Intellectual property (IP) is a term which refers to a number of discrete kinds of legal monopolies over conceptions of the mind, which can be either artistic or commercial. IP also includes the related areas of law (Raysman et all, 2008). A variety of intangible assets are given certain special rights under the IP law. The most common kinds of intellectual property include trademarks, copyrights, industrial design rights, patents, and trade enigmas in some jurisdictions. According to Sherman and Bently (1999), â€Å"The British Statute of Anne 1710 and the Statute of Monopolies 1623 are now seen as the origin of copyright and patent law respectively.† Originality is one of the most important terms which are related to copyright. Presently the term ‘originality’ is used by law as a touchstone in evaluating when and why something can be copyrighted. England’s conventional criterion for originality was a Lockeanderived industriousness criterion, according to which the work must spring up from the author at

Criticisms of the Federal Reserve System Assignment

Criticisms of the Federal Reserve System - Assignment Example M1 is a category of supply of money that includes all the physical money; that is, currency and coins. It also includes negotiable order of withdrawal accounts and checking accounts. M2 is a category of money supply which includes M1 and saving deposits, market funds, and time related deposits. When M1/M2 is defined commercial institutions such as banks create money in the society. Fiscal policy is the way the government influences its economy through controlling its revenue or taxation and its expenditure. The federal reserve alone controls fiscal policy. If any other governmental entity was involved in this, Fed would have been scraped due to the criticism towards it. it is important to have three different governmental entities so that each one of them serves specific purposes for the public. This ensures that the public receives better services since they are handled efficiently. Fed is there in order to take care of a sensitive issue of money. It has a major influence on the economy of a country and therefore should be handled separately. In monetary policy there is an authority to control money supply to promote economic growth (Paul,

Erp systems and integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Erp systems and integration - Essay Example This problem is overcome by ERP, which encapsulates the entire spectrum of business processes, including sales management, production management, accounting, human resources, maintenance management, quality management etc. ERP uses a single database in which information from different functional domains is stored. As a result, the information needs of different entities can be met from a single location. This integrated approach can, for instance, allow the production department located in one geographical area to send financial information to the head office and the marketing information of one location can be accessed by the production department at another location, so that the market patterns can be identified and the appropriate responses can be designed. Proper implementation of ERP ensures that the management has relevant and timely information at its disposal for effective decision-making. The effectiveness of the ERP system in business can be judged by the fact that in spite of its high cost of implementation, many organizations have adopted ERP systems. Business modeling is a precursor to business process reengineering, ERP implementation etc. A business model is a diagrammatic representation of different business systems and processes, and their interconnections and interdependencies. The purpose of business modeling is to provide a general overview of the operations of a business without going into the technical details of the processes and systems. It defines the activities performed and workflow structure in a broad manner. A good business model should be comprehensible, coherent and complete. It should define clearly the different systems and subsystems of a business system. A business model is developed on the basis of organization’s goals, objectives and strategic plans. Further, the model illustrates how

WGST400 Assignment 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

WGST400 Assignment 4 - Research Paper Example In France and England, women have played vital roles during the First World War, and such roles have helped secure victories for the Allied Forces. The thesis statement for this paper is: The participation of French and British women during the First World War laid out the foundation for improved rights for these women following WWI. Empowered women in France and England helped initiate and advance the cause for the First World War and for contemporary feminism. This paper shall first discuss the role of women in France and England during the First World War. It shall then move on to discuss how these women helped advance the cause of the feminism and then of the First World War. A final discussion on how these women have contributed to the causes of contemporary feminism shall also be presented. This study is being carried out in order to help understand feminism within the context of the First World War in France and England. It also seeks to develop a better understanding of the c urrent state of feminism and its development throughout the years. During the First World War, women in France and England played various roles. In France, the women assisted in the war efforts and activities, but mostly as individuals or as members of private organizations1. The French government did not want to mobilize and militarize their women because the French government did not recognize these women as citizens who also had their roles to play in the well-being of the country2. The government believed that if the French women would be militarized, then they were also full-fledged citizens of the country. This would imply that there was a need for the French government to also recognize the civic and suffrage rights of the women3. Allowing women to participate in the war efforts was also seen by the French government as a major threat to the gender construct in their country. Wars and the military

Women in the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle A brief history of Essay

Women in the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle A brief history of zimbabwe, status of women in precolonialism in zimbabwe, nature of colonialism in zimbabwe, the - Essay Example The Portuguese were then overpowered by the consolidation of several states called Shona that led to emergence of Rozwi empire covering most of the present Zimbabwe. This state of peaceful coexistence of native kingdoms lasted for the next two centuries. By the middle of 19th century Rozwi empire fell due to the entry of British South Africa company to whom rights for mining of gold were given by the Ndebele rulers in 1888 by way of treaty. The treaty later paved way for aggressors from Europe mostly British who fought with the Ndebele kingdom and established colonies there. (Zimbabwe History) Colonization was started in 1890 by the English settlers led by founder Cecil John Rhodes. Thus Rhodesia was named after its founder. The English thought they were the first race in the world and hence assumed wherever they settled, it was for the benefit of the human race. (Nyangoni) With this feeling of supremacy over the rest of the human race, English started colonies in other parts of the world and dominated the local race. Thus native Africans in Rhodesia were not allowed to participate in an all-white Government. The whites alone assumed right to vote and the land laws they passed prevented native Africans' presence in many public places reserved exclusively for the whites. The ordinances they passed left native Africans with lands just for sustenance. About 6000 whites occupied half of the fertile and otherwise potential lands, leaving the worst lands for 600,000 native African farmers.(Chung P 211) This state of affairs lasted till 1979 characterized by domination of white minority over the native population who were denied rights to their own lands. Ever since the colony started, there had been civil unrest among the natives of Rhodesia who first initiated revolution demanding changes in the imperial constitution which would facilitate equal job opportunities and participation in Government. But by 1960, situation radically changed with nationalism gaining momentum requiring to overthrow the minority white rule. In the process, National Democratic Party (NDP) was started by native Africans with the ultimate aim of Pan African rule in due course. The party activists evoked violence against the minority rulers to attract the attention of England for its intervention and help handing over of power to the locals. (Gann, p 42) The minority rulers retaliated by banning the NDP in 1961. Then came a newly formed party in 1962 led by Joshua Nkomo under the name of Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) through reconstitution of the NDP. The ZAPU wanted to bri ng one-man-one vote rule, unite all Africans against imperialism and colonialism, eliminate all forms of oppression of its local Africans, and to establish a new order of African tradition. ZAPU members also believed force by violence and bloodshed was the only solution. Hence looking at ZAPU's objectives, the minority Government banned it also. ZAPU members went

The Return of the Native By Thomas Hardy Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Return of the Native By Thomas Hardy Analysis Essay Thomas Hardy, a writer of nineteenth century society, has created an everlasting impact on its readers through his most profound and lively characters with varied dimensions in personality. He gave his characters a touch of realism with an in-depth intensity to misunderstand their real nature and their real intentions in life. They are always finding themselves in a struggle with their own desires and circumstances. Fate plays the most crucial yet evil role in many events in their lives with reflection of impassive attitude and tragic consequences. His â€Å"The Return of the Native† is also a tragedy unfolding many deepen aspects of his characters’ with the settings itself revealing impending damage or tragedy waiting to happen.   It appears hidden beneath the wastelands of Egdon Heath number of secrets aspiring to be opened. â€Å"It is a place of long life and of sudden death, of fertile spring and short, vivid summer.†(Flowers Spring, 19) Edgon Heath’s importance lies in the way it affected the personalities of Eustacia and Wildeve, who feel themselves depressed in these lonely places. For Hardy, life is painful and full of agony and is clearly seen in the eyes of protagonists. The plot of â€Å"The Return of the Native† is set in context to the passionate and romantic zeal of Eustacia who took her to a tragic end. â€Å"It is the force of circumstances-the malignant power of Edgon Heath to dwarf and thwart the aspiring soul –that derives Eustacia Vye to irretrievable disaster†. (Flowers Spring, 121) Hardy adopted Victorian style in â€Å"The Return of the Native† with its detailed description of the story with many references pertaining to classical and scriptural style. Initially, its theme raised the eyebrows in the society but later the same theme became most popular among readers and critics alike. The theme owes its popularity to its originality and very nifty; the novel contains various moral truths that were the part of the society. All the characters have appeared to be born and grown in relationship with their environment and changes in weather of Heath corresponds to the inner turmoil of characters. With Eustacia Vye as part of Heath, Diggory Venn too appears to be born out of the muddy earth and the name Wildeve itself suggests his attributes to be born out of Heath’s blowing winds. The story revolves around Eustacia who Hardy describes as the most tempestuous lady desperate for passionate love denied to her in the vast arid lands of the Dorset County with only his grandfather as her companion. She is feeling very dejected by her boring life and is looking for an ideal man with whom she could spend the rest of her life. By crafting Eustacia as the most voracious character, â€Å"The Return of The Nativeâ€Å" became yet another story in a family of genre of most sensational works of Hardy. Besides sensation of suspense, more important is the creation of melodrama and behavior in the extreme extent but it’s a novel that has both modest as well as honest appeal. The story raises the question how the free will of the people and fate can go side by side. Eustacia’s passionate desire to marry person of fortune brings her into contact with Clym and ultimately marries him. But fate has something else in store for her; Clym Yeobright’s wanted to open a school in native country and in his pursuit he got himself blinded and they had to live in a hut meanwhile Wildeve too inherited maximum sum of money and they began to meet regularly. This meeting became a cause for the biggest tragedy ever that could happen in their lives. First Clym’s mother Mrs Yeobright died due to heat and snakebite, as she was not allowed by Eustacia to enter into house. Later Eustacia died due to drowning and Wildeve too embraced death in his effort to save Eustacia. But Diggory Venn saved Clym only to leave him behind with blind eyes and as a wandering preacher. The story has a tragic ending but we can also see certain note of hope and optimism as Diggory Venn got his true love Thomasin. The whole story shows how human beings in their desire to obtain pleasure show incapacity to change for right actions leading to gravest tragedy. Hardy’s message is quite clear: happiness for human beings is very short lived, and they feel themselves at-least fortunate if they could at-least avoid pains. Amidst the conventional countryside, Hardy portrayed the changes in Victorian society his protagonists wanted to see in their lives, yet he too did not deny the errors of these uneducated and unsophisticated country folks who were equally known for their loyalty as well as prejudice. (Flowers Spring, 21) â€Å"The Return of The Native† was Hardy’s sixth novel and when it first appeared in the serial Belgravia, its subject raised controversy. But soon it became one of the most popular novels with its popularity lying in its inquisitive derive to probe most intricate issues involving human beings-disillusioned love affairs and societal prejudices crushing passionate desires. Hardy is quite clear when he says that no one can escape the destiny and those who would try to escape it would end up having tragic consequences’.   For D.H Lawrence, this novel delves into the ways communities handle their misfortunes. Many feel its ending is not clear even though there was tragedy in the end, yet Hardy gave it happy ending with the marriage of Diggory Venn and Thomasin. With this ending, Hardy left the readers to comprehend themselves the conclusion and it is quite true in real life too.   If there is a tragedy in the lives of the people, there are many who are happy too.   By making the ending of the novel uncertain and vague, Hardy states the life is also very uncertain and vague. â€Å"The Return of the Native† is very interesting to read and fully describes with intensity Hardy’s genre in describing his characters. With this story, Hardy deviated from his conventional style of being a tragic writer to bring forth happy ending. WORKS CITED Flowers, Charles Spring, Michael. â€Å"Thomas Hardys Return of the Native†. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 1984.

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods: Sixty single root premolars were instrumented. Simulated lateral canals were drilled on each third of the roots. The teeth were divided into four groups: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G2), no dressing and obturation by hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by hybrid technique (G4). The teeth were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days, and obturation techniques were performed. Radiographs were taken and lateral canals filled or unfilled were counted. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (ÃŽ ±=5%). Results: The hybrid technique filled large number of lateral canals compared to lateral condensation technique , regardless the use of intracanal medication (PPPConclusion: Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance: The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future. Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, Endodontics, root canal obturation, laboratory research Introduction The root canal system has a very complex anatomy, characterized mainly by the presence of curvatures, accessory and lateral canals.1-3 The lateral canals can be observed anywhere along the root length of an important percentage of teeth, although more commonly in the apical third.1 Actually, the presence of lateral canals represents a challenge, as they are difficult to reach, clean, disinfect and fill during endodontic treatment,4 representing a potential cause of diseases.3,5-8 Considering that persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, the intracanal medication and three-dimensional obturation of the root system becomes extremely important.4 The intracanal medication has been used to complete the disinfection and to prevent reinfection by these microorganisms,9-11 and can act chemically by killing microorganisms or physically by preventing bacterial penetration.12 The obturation also could prevent reinfection13 as the sealer isolates microorganisms without access to space and nutrients.14 Calcium hydroxide has been widely used as an intracanal medication for its antibacterial effect on most of the microorganisms identified in the root canal system.12 The therapeutic properties of this medication are associated with their pH value and with the period that they remain within the root canals.9,15 It has been pointed out that calcium hydroxide dressing for seven days with subsequent instrumentation and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, improve the debridement of the root canal system and efficiently eliminate persistent bacteria.16,17 However, it was found that a considerable amount of calcium hydroxide paste remains attached to the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with various solutions.18-20 Also, it is known that when calcium hydroxide is incompletely removed from the root canal, the residue compromises the endodontic sealing.20,21 Thus, it is possible that residual calcium hydroxide could obliterate the openings of the lateral canals, blocking their filling.19,22 Additionally, the type of obturation technique is a crucial factor to be considered in such situations, since the capability to ensure the filling of lateral canals is an important clinical parameter and may represent a favorable aspect of the filling technique. In this context, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods The study has been approved by an ethical committee from Pontifà ­cia Universidade Catà ³lica do Paranà ¡, under number of register 326/2004. Only one researcher has done the experimental procedures. Sample preparation In this in vitro study, a total of sixty human single root mandibular premolars with medium length between 21 to 23 mm were selected. The teeth were autoclaved and stored in 0.5% thymol solution prior to the experimental assays. The coronal access was gained with a #2 round and a #3080 diamond bur (KG Sorensen, Barueri, SP, Brazil). Then, the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal were shaped using #1, #2, and #3 Gates-Glidden drills (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The canal length was visually established by placing a #10 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in each root canal until it was seen emerging through the apical foramen. The working length was determined by subtracting 1 mm from this measurement. The teeth were instrumented at the working length using a #35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Simulated lateral canals Three simulated lateral canals were drilled on the mesial and distal surfaces (one in each third: coronal, middle and apical) by using a device. This device consisted by a #10 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with 4 mm from its tip sectioned, which was adapted in a low-speed contra-angle handpiece. The root canals were then instrumented using a #45 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) to the working length to create a smear layer. After every change of file size and at the completion of instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with 5 mL of a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Following this, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of 17% ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Merck Brasil, Sà £o Paulo, SP, Brazil) followed by a final flush of distilled water. The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil). Experimental groups Afterwards, the sixty teeth were randomly divided into four equal groups of fifteen. The groups were separated according to the use or not of calcium hydroxide dressing, and the type of obturation technique, as follow: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation (G2), no dressing and obturation by Tagger’s hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by Tagger’s hybrid technique (G4). Dressing procedure In G2 and G4, the calcium hydroxide paste was prepared by mixing two parts of lab grade calcium hydroxide and 1 mL saline solution to obtain a creamy consistency. The paste was inserted using a #25 Lentulo drill (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), subtracting 2 mm from the working length. The access cavities were temporarily sealed with a cotton pellet and temporary seal (Coltosol, Coletene, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). The samples were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days. Afterwards, the temporary seal was removed and the calcium hydroxide was cleaned using a #35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and 17% EDTA (Merck Brasil, Sà £o Paulo, SP, Brazil). The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil). Obturation techniques For obturation procedures, the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used in all groups. The sealer was manipulated according with manufacturer’s instructions. The obturation technique was performed as follow. Lateral condensation For G1 and G2, it was used the lateral condensation technique. For this, a well-fitting master gutta-percha cone #35 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) coated with sealer was taken up 1 mm from the working length. Then, the master cone was left seated and the lateral condensation was performed using a finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This spreader was inserted with the sealer toward the canal’s wall and then counterclock wisely removed to create room for the insertion of the accessory gutta-percha cones (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This procedure was repeated until the insertion of new accessory cones was not possible. After the obturation completion, the excess of filling material was removed and the cold vertical condensation was executed. Tagger’s hybrid technique For G3 and G4, it was used the Tagger’s hybrid technique. For this, a master cone was seated as described above. An initial lateral condensation was performed with the finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and one accessory gutta-percha cone was inserted. Next, a McSpadden compactor #70 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was coupled to a low-speed contra-angle handpiece and introduced passively into the root canal. The penetration of the condenser inside root canal was obtained with the aid of a rubber marker 1 mm short of the working length. With the condenser inside the root canal, next to the gutta-percha cones, it was driven by forward and backward movements up to reach working length, staying in that position for about 1 second. The condenser was removed from root canal with the motor still driven with gentle pressure on one side of the canal’s wall. Following, the vertical condensation of the plasticized gutta-percha was perfo rmed through heat Paiva’s condensers in order to obtain a better adaptation of the filling material. Postoperative radiographs Immediately after filling, postoperative radiographs were taken and all of them were identically exposed, developed, and fixed. The radiographs were placed in slide mounts and projected in order to count the lateral canals filled or unfilled in each group. Only completely filled lateral canals were considered. Three calibrated examiners analyzed the images. Statistical analysis Data were statistically analyzed by the SAS/LAB package (SAS Software, version 9.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA). Firstly, Kappa’s test was performed to evaluate the examiner’s level of agreement. The assumptions of equality of variances and normal distribution of errors were checked and the data were transformed as suggested by the software. The simulated lateral canals were analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test, considering the dressing, obturation technique and root thirds as study factors. The significance level was set at 5%. Results The value of the test of agreement between examiners was 0.89. In Figure 1, it is observed representative radiographs after obturation by different techniques. The Tagger’s hybrid technique filled large number of simulated lateral canals compared to the lateral condensation technique, regardless the use of intracanal medication (PP Although the coronal and apical thirds had a somewhat larger number of filled lateral canals than the middle third, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) (Table 1). Significant differences were observed when comparing the number of filled and unfilled canals in the same root third of each group (PP>0.05). Discussion After shaping and cleaning the root canal, persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, and this must be considered potentially pathogenic and a cause of future endodontic failure.3,5-8 For this reason, dressing and three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system becomes important steps.4 The use of calcium hydroxide dressing is established in the literature,23 however, persistence of this medication in the root canal walls could prevent the sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules,21 compromising the obturation procedure. Also, several techniques have been developed to achieve an adequate three-dimensional obturation of lateral canals.24 For this, we purposed to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. The actual need to fill lateral canals has been a largely discussed in the current literature.2,4,19 However, it is important to point out that both lateral canals and apical ramifications have been implicated with treatment failure when they are sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently large to harbor signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant numbers of bacteria and to provide these bacteria with access to the periradicular tissues.3,25 Therefore, disinfection, dressing and filling of lateral canals in cases of pulp necrosis and apical and/or lateral periodontitis should be considered important goals of the treatment, although difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cult to achieve.3 Calcium hydroxide is widely used as an intracanal medication,12 and several techniques have been used to remove it from the root canal.18,21,26,27 The enlargement of the canal to the next file size and copious irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and/or EDTA, which are the procedures commonly used in clinical practice, seems to be unable in completely remove calcium hydroxide from root canal.21,26 There is a consensus that the residues of the medicament persists in the canal even with different techniques for removal.28,29 The results of our study demonstrated that residual calcium hydroxide blocked the openings of the lateral canals, reducing and/or preventing the penetration of sealer or gutta-percha into the lateral canals, corroborating with a previous study.19 Regardless the obturation technique, we demonstrated that when calcium hydroxide was applied as a dressing medication (G2 + G4), 99 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were obturated. On the other hand, when calcium hydroxide was not used (G1 + G3), 129 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were filled. Also, in our study, simulated lateral canals were created in each third of the canal root. We showed that no differences were found among the different root thirds in the same group. About the ability of different obturation techniques to fill simulated lateral canals the literature indicates that warm gutta-percha techniques are superior.2 According to our results, the Tagger’s hybrid technique resulted in large number of filled simulated lateral canals, although it was reduced with the dressing with calcium hydroxide. Also, the lateral condensation showed the worst ability in filling simulated lateral canals, particularly when calcium hydroxide dressing was employed. It is possible that the cold condensation of gutta-percha difficult the penetration of the filling material.30 Thermoplasticized techniques improve the expansion of the material against the dentinal walls.31 A recent study about the interference of calcium hydroxide previous to the filling revealed that the medication can difficult the hermetic filling of the root canal system because of its property of obliterates lateral canals.22 Overall, the persistence of calcium hydroxide residues should be considered as a side effect when selecting this medication as an interappointment dressing in root canal therapy,19,22 regardless the obturation technique to be employed. Conclusions Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future. 1

Historical Perspectives of Male Nursing

Historical Perspectives of Male Nursing Rachelle Neighbarger Introduction Predominantly, nursing has always been considered as female dominated profession guided by extreme stereotypical perceptions of sexuality. Generally, the nursing profession is marred by wide apparitions of gender imbalance on the perception that nursing has its foundation in the prospects of Florence Nightingale thereby ever since it is often defined as a marginalized profession most suitable and deserving for women. The public at large has the preset perception that men who settle for nursing as their profession do so simply because they were rejected into a medical school and for self actualization purposes. Many at times those men who settle on nursing as their career choice often do so simply because they failed in a particular field and many at times they usually end up quitting their jobs the first few years. This is simply because men in the nursing industry experience a great deal of discrimination and professional barriers that generally inhibit their full specialty that pus hes them to hold onto such a job for long. However, this stereotypical perception does not help in the push for more number of nurses be it male or female who simply get into the profession for purposes of caring for individuals who are ill or need close medical attention on a round the clock basis. Historical Perspective of Male Nursing In the long run, the stereotypical perceptions lead to male nurses being discriminated against where there full working rights are denied on the basis of socially constricted gender roles. Take for instance, situations in the nursing profession where male nurses cannot be promoted to leadership role on the basis of their gender, with regards to varied forms of nursing training which leads to their exclusion in practicing in fields like gynecology or obstetrics. Perhaps it is simply because of their lack of will to practice in these fields or poor networking or rather the basic underlying problem-gender discrimination. The numbers of men enrolling in nursing educational programs is minimal, a majority of those enrolling are the female counterparts; perhaps this trend is conceptualized by the fact that the nursing profession is perceived with a feminine touch to caring (Paterson Saydack, 1996). This paper thus seeks to examine how the man has adapted to the nursing profession, the his torical background of male nursing, the advantages and disadvantages of practicing as a male nurse, infer on the impact of men turning to nursing as a profession and finally juxtapose all the aforementioned details with a slight touch of personal perception of men in the nursing industry. Underpinned in this paper’s discussion of male nursing is a clear cut inference of discrimination in the nursing profession that is guided by gender-based stereotypical connection. Historical Background In the 20th Century specifically during Florence Nightingale’s time, nursing was considered a woman-only occupation were men were strongly vilified and perceived as being incapable of offering any caring services simply because of they had ‘horny’ hands that were considered unfavorable to care offer thus prompting their exclusion from the profession of nursing (Kippenbrock, 2010). Furthermore, males are considered to lack empathy as opposed to their female counterparts who are considered to have varied ways of expressing their feelings thereby easily getting in touch with their patients more easily. In actual sense, there exists documentation that men played the roles of nurses in Egypt dating back to 250 B.C.E; Nightingale professionalizing nursing is what has created the existing dispersed discrepancy where it is mostly defined as a woman profession while on the other hand being greatly marginalized to men. The existence of a marginalized profession has thus pus hed our education system where a majority of those allowed to enroll into school are female and even if a man gets to successfully finish his nursing education, it is a daunting task for them to practice comfortably in the nursing profession simply because of their gender makes them to be discriminated against. On a broader perspective, even if a man successfully gets to be enrolled into a satisfying nursing profession there still exists numerous prohibitions that inhibit their career progress simply because they are channeled into departments that do not help them grow personally. Take for instance the case of the Canadian Forces or rather the avert United States Army which up until 1967 did not give authority for men to sign up into their systems for nursing. Irrespective of the fact that there was constant development in the nursing profession allowing men to practice, legally by 1970 male nurses were still being barred from making rotations in some sections of hospitals. Analysis of literature related to nursing demonstrates that only a minimal number of men practice nursing, a trend that is fuelled by the larger prospect of women and men nursing registries being separated from each other thus closing out some nursing privileges like further education to the male nurses who have the will power to grow in the profession just like their female counterparts. Patients are also not to be left out in the historical description of the nursing profession as being inclined towards the men; most patients have always considered their nurses to being female, a survey c arried out by Bernard Nodes Group demonstrates that a majority of patients irrespective of their age and gender preferred to be attended to by female nurses as opposed to the males whom they found really awkward offering care services to them. Pros and Con of Men Practicing as Nurses Reflections on the introduction and the historical background of male nursing, it is evident that this is a profession muddled with great gender-related discrimination that is inclined to have a feminist touch. With the aforementioned details in mind and after scouring through various peer reviewed articles on male nursing, it was deductible that the cons outweigh the cons when it comes to men taking the turn of choosing nursing as a preferable profession for them. Important to note above all is the fact that when pushed by personal will to go after something, one is usually self-driven into attaining their set goals irrespective of what the general public thinks of their choice; similarly as a man when one is willing to pursue nursing as a career, nothing stops them. Firstly, the nursing profession though gradually evolving has always been guided by the traditional Victorian family ideology where the role of men is to be ‘doctors’ considered as heads of organizations, t he women taking up a latter role of being the handmaiden which is in most cases defined as the nursing role and finally the patient role is played by children who need to be taken care of by doctors and handmaidens. It thus became a tradition that the role of being a nurse was strictly meant for women which in the long run has pushed men away from enrolling into nursing schools. Irrespective of the fact that this model is no longer practiced in the nursing profession, a great deal of nurses is guided by its tenets as evident by the dominance of women in this profession. The fact that there exists extensive barriers in the way of men enrolling into the nursing profession; men usually exhibit varied difficulties before they turn out as clinical nursing professionals. Society’s perception of nursing as a female profession exerts extreme pressure on men who sign up to be nurses; they are expected to perform way better in comparison to their female counterparts. Another issue that is a disadvantage for males enrolling for nursing from an educational setting to a hospital setting, males is generally outnumbered. To an extent it pushes them to a higher level of scrutiny and the education curriculum is inclined to only suit female students. The fact that they are male also in many circumstances dictates that they be given heavy tasks, in other situations, they could also miss out on educational opportunities like scholarships for nurses which in many circumstances are usually meant for female students. Though it is rarely experienced, male nurses are often ridiculed on the basis of their gender and it is an issue that keeps many from pursuing a nursing career; men are scared of being ridiculed for signing up for a female dominated profession. The general public looks down upon men who are nurses which in the long run push the men nurses to be stigmatized and perform their duties with extreme anxiety and in some cases it becomes stressful for them. On the offset, a flip on the other side of the coin demonstrates that men who turn to nursing as their preferred profession have an upper hand when handling medical cases. Patients prefer being handled by a male nurse as they consider they are confident in handling critical situations in which the female counterparts in some instances cannot be handle comfortably (Thetis Roberts, 2008). Men enrolling in nursing school also demonstrate a drive by men to help curb the nationwide shortage of nurses which with regards to World Health Organization data that suggests there has been a drop in nurses between the year 2000 and 2001 (Burth, 2005). Men filling up the deteriorating gap are ideal way which is not only beneficial to governments but also has great salary packages that a great deal of people are willing and greatly looking forward to earning such paychecks. The misguided notion that nursing is meant for women should not deter any male from pursuing their dream of being professional nurses; it should be a stepping stone towards the path of offering care services to the medically ill and needy so that the basic prospect of nursing is attained and generally achieved in the long run. Provision of intimate care for male patients has always been a problem for female nurses, men enrolling as nurses helps cater for such an issue in the medical industry. Personal Statement on Male Nursing Making the decision of becoming a male nurse comes with a great deal of responsibility and the need to be prepared for varied proponents considering that it is a female dominated field. In actual sense, gender is not in any way beneficial to anybody with regards to turn towards offering medical services to patients. Furthermore, women in a working environment tend to be more open to their male counterparts as opposed to their fellow women thereby creating a conducive environment for working where all and sundry can share their experiences thus establishing a working environment where nurses have a broader sense of belonging. With the extensive strides being made in nursing that is aimed to changing the public’s perception of nursing as a female profession, more and more men are continuously turning to be great nurses though in minimal numbers but the change is eminent. Although the nursing fraternity has opened its arms wide open for men, some aspect of the nursing profession are still hostile to male nurses; take an example of a situation involving a mother-baby rotation, the patient in this case-a woman will not be willing for a male nurse attend she will strongly prefer that all her care needs be handled by a female nurse. That aside, the general population of patients has received male nurses attending to them with a warm heart though in the beginning the reception of being attended to by a male nurse is usually a surprised one but later they get warmed up to the general idea. The most important thing when dealing with discrimination against male nurses is attending to the foundational problem of men not being willing enough to sign up for , finding ways of changing this perception by the men themselves is the first step towards transitioning nursing from a female dominated field to one which is accommodative to people of both sexes. Impact of Male Nursing on the Nursing Profession Men play an instrumental role in service provision in the nursing environment with a unique combination of skill set, a fact that has prompted the need for governments to turn into a rigorous exercise of recruiting and accepting men into the nursing profession which retrospectively caters for the problem of a deteriorating workforce. Men turning to nursing as a profession of choice, is good news for the looming nursing scarcity which has been experienced lately; men joining the equation is the most ideal and probable way by which this shortage can be catered for. Demographics relating to nurse numbers have been changing over the years with the acceptance of more men towards the profession: in the late 20th Century male nurse numbers was estimated at around 45,060 but by spin of over two decades down the line the number of male nurses has gradually developed to levels of 568,185 male nurses in the United States (Barkley, 2010). Great steps are being made by nursing organizations that have pushed for recruitment initiatives mainly targeted towards pushing more men to enroll into nursing schools and now currently scholarships targeted to male students are being offered. Consequently, personal appeals are being made to students in an effort to turn their misperception as a career meant only for women. Important in the whole transitioning process from a female dominated profession to a multifaceted one is the fact that the healthcare industry is offering comparatively high wages for nurses coupled up with the ideal of stable employment opportunities. References Barkley, K. (2010). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration . Retrieved 2015 13-January from The Registered Nurse Population: Initial Findings from the 2008 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses: ,http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/rnsurveys/rnsurveyinitial2008.pdf. Burth, A. (2005). Gender bias and discrimination in nursing education. Can we change it? Nurse Educator , 64-65. Kippenbrock, S. (2010). School of nursing variables related to male student college choice. Journal of Nursing Education , 118-121. Paterson, T., Saydack, C. (1996). Learning to care: Gender issues for male nursing students. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research , 25-39. Thetis, M. G., Roberts, J. I. (2008). Nursing, Physician Control and Monopoly. Indianapolis: Indiana Univeristy Press.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Equal Rights Not Special Rights for Gays :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative

Gays: Seeking Equal Rights Not Special Rights On October 6, 1998 two men took Matthew Shepard, a gay college student, about a mile outside of Laramie Wyoming. These men took him out to a split-rail fence, tortured him, then tied him put onto the fence, and left him for death. He was found late the next day by two bikers, 18 hours after the attack. When the bikers first saw Matthew tied to the fence, they thought that Matthew was a scarecrow, but realized that it was a person. Matthew remained in a coma until October 12, then died at 12:53 a.m. Matthew always was a peacemaker he wanted gays to be treated like everyone else not as a minority. Matthew once said, "If I could get two people--one straight, one gay--who hate each other to be respectful of each other, I would have done something good" (Miller). He wanted homosexuals and heterosexuals to see eye to eye, which almost seems impossible. Homosexuality has been common in many cultures throughout history, but not always known. When it came about in society many religions thought it as sinful. As a result, being gay or lesbian was a crime, punishable by death. In the twentieth century homosexuality took a turn around. As a result gay bashing became common in America. In November 13, 1986 on The Oprah Winfrey Show, a boy admitted that he and his friends hunted gay men down and beat them with baseball bats (Opposing View Points, "Homosexuals are an..."). It seems that this issue of discrimination of gays is too extreme. Society needs to know that homosexuals are fighting for civil rights, not special rights. They want to be treated equal in the workplace, in housing and in public accommodations. In November of 1992 Colorado tried to pass an amendment against homosexuals gaining special rights. The purpose of the amendment was to deny homosexuals special rights, through any of Colorado's state branches or departments or any of its agencies. When this amendment was passed civil liberties groups and gay rights groups around the nation called for a boycott of Colorado. Consequently, the state lost about $40 million in convention and tourist business. In 1994 the Colorado Supreme Court declared that the state's anti-gay rights measure, Amendment 2, was unconstitutional. Justice Anthony Kennedy states, "We must conclude that Amendment 2 classifies homosexuals not to further a proper legislative end but to make them unequal to everyone else.

Legalizing Marijuana Will Decreased Crime Essay -- legalization of cann

Marijuana is the cause of much commotion and debating, as the question of legalization becomes more of an issue. Drugs are a major influential force in countries all over the world today. Legalization is an option that has not had a chance, but really should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of drug use, legalization would benefit for the following reasons: 1)reduction of money spent on law enforcement 2)increase in the countries revenue 3)lessen crime 4)useful in treating certain medical conditions. Many feel today we are loosing the war on drugs. People consider legalization unnecessary. They feel that it will increase the amount of drug use throughout the world. They state that in many cases, drug users who have quit quit because of trouble with the law. Legalization would eliminate the legal forces that discourage the users from using or selling drugs. They also say that by making drugs legal, the people who have never tried drugs for fear of getting caught by the law will have no reason to be afraid anymore and will become users (Potter 1998). However, legalization will be profitable to global economies in two ways. It will allow for money spent on drug law enforcement to be spent more wisely and will increase revenue. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation. Every year in the United States, ten billion dollars are spent on enforcing drug laws alone. Drug violators accounted for about forty percent of all criminals in federal prisons (Rosenthal 1996). In 1989, a Republican county executive of Mercer County, N.J., estimated that it would cost approximately one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   billion dollars to build the jail space required to house all the drug users in Trenton alone (Roffman 1982). All of this money could be spent on things of greater importance. Not only has the drug problem increased, but the drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer worldwide. Some are born addicts (crack babies), while others develop addictions later in life. Drug violators are a major cause of extreme overcrowding in US prisons. In 1992, 59,000 inmates were added to make a record setting 833,600 inmates nationwide (Rosenthal 1996). A high percentage of these prisoners were serving time because of drug related incid... ... decided that it is a valid and necessary solution to our countries drug problem. By implementing such a program the American population can use its money and resources to combat the problem through the legal system. Legalization will decrease violent crime associated with drug dealers, it will decrease the number of users and will lower the wasteful cost which is connected with the current system. Such legalization will not destroy our youth in any way and will only be accessible to adults in the country. If we continue with our current system we will never solve the problem. Drug dealers and addicts will crown our prisons and plague our streets. Bibliography 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedman, Milton. â€Å"Prohibition and Drugs.† Newsweek. 1972 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potter, Beverly The Healing Magic of Cannabis Ronin Publishing’s, Inc. CA 1998 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randell, Robert C The Patients Fight for Medicinal Pot Thunders Mouth Press, NY 1998 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roffman, Roger A Marijuana as Medicine Madrona Publishers, Inc., WA 1982 5) Rosenthal, Ed Why Marijuana Should be Legal Thunders Mouth Press, NY 1996

How to Combat Inflation

Recommendations Based on the results generated from the multiple regression analysis of this research, there are few recommendations that can be implemented to combat the inflation in Malaysian economy. The recommendations are: 1. Malaysia government should focus on producing export goods than importing goods from other countries in order to encourage appreciation of Ringgit Malaysia currency value. In turn, it will decrease the inflation rate and trigger the purchasing power to other currencies namely, dollar, euro and pound. This is because countries with high inflation rate will experience depreciation in their currency.However, even though the ringgit appreciation can reduce the import prices, consumers may not able to get the benefit from the reduction. According to Central Bank, the vigorous appreciation of ringgit currency can slow down the export competitiveness that can directly impact income and weaken domestic demand. 2. GDP and CPI is directly impact each other. Income is adjusted according to the CPI level. In order to reduce the inflation rate, government should monitor the growth of GDP. If GDP is increase too fast, CPI also will increase too fast and subsequently, increase the cost of living.In addition, the government is slower than the market, making it almost impossible for government to keep up with the income adjustments needed to provide good quality of life to Malaysians. 3. It is Central Bank responsibility to decide the most appropriate deposit rate to be imposed on the money savers. One of the ways to reduce the inflation rate in Malaysia is by increasing the deposit rate so that people will save more and spends less. Increase in deposit rate can discourage borrowing, and somehow reduce the consumer spending and consequently reduce the inflation rate.

The Ups Delivery Information Acquisition Device (Diad Iv)

UPS revolutionized the package delivery business in 1991 when it developed and deployed the first Delivery Information Acquisition Device, known as the DIAD. More than a decade later, UPS continues its pioneering development efforts with the fourth generation of the DIAD – the DIAD IV. To ensure maximum flexibility in field transmission capabilities, DIAD IV includes multiple wireless connectivity options. Each DIAD IV features a built-in GPRS or CDMA radio, an acoustical modem to facilitate dial-up access if necessary, and 802. 1b wireless local area network connectivity to enable transmission in a UPS center. The DIAD IV also features a Bluetooth wireless personal area network and an infrared (IrDA) port to communicate with peripheral devices and customer PCs/printers. DIAD IV introduces a revolutionary new feature – Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) – to the handheld terminal market. UPS plans to use this technology to provide drivers with more detailed direc tions to pick-up and delivery points in order to improve customer service. The monochrome screen on previous DIADS has been replaced with a color screen that accommodates more information which can be displayed in an easier-to-read manner. The color screen also enables UPS to color-code messages transmitted to a driver's DIAD. Urgent customer pick-up messages, for example, can be color-coded to alert the driver. In addition, the DIAD IV contains 128 megabytes of memory – 20 times the capacity of the DIAD III. UPS will use this expanded capacity to provide new and improved customer services. Like its predecessors, the DIAD IV's battery lasts an entire work day. The DIAD IV sends delivery information to the UPS data repository as soon as the delivery information is entered. Drivers simply scan the package bar code, collect the receiver's signature electronically, type in the last name of the receiver and push a single key to complete the transaction and send the data. There is no need to activate a cell phone or return to the vehicle. Part of what makes the DIAD such a powerful tool is the system – ODS (On-Demand Services) – that enables communication with the driver. Every UPS driver automatically logs into the ODS system first thing in the morning. This allows dispatchers and center management to access the driver via his/her DIAD throughout the day by sending generalized text messages. Virtually all drivers start their day with a list of predefined customer pickup locations for that day. Thanks to ODS, the addition of a one-time pickup can be added to a driver's work list on-the-fly, enabling UPS to take best advantage of the geographic location of its entire fleet for servicing pickup requests. By using the DIAD, UPS eliminates the use of 89 million sheets of paper per year, the equivalent of 7,308 trees. The DIAD IV is the most comprehensive tracking device in the delivery industry, combining data collection and transmission technologies, digital signature capture, extensive expandable memory and rugged construction to withstand extreme temperatures and hard falls. Other Features Operating System Windows CE . NET ProcessorIntel XScale, 400 MHz Weight 2. 6 lb. Size10† x 6. 4† x 1. 9† Display2. 8† x 2. 1† color Battery3. 2AH, 7. 2v, Li-on Keypad45 large, raised keys AudioSpeaker, microphone Development Designed and manufactured by Symbol Technologies, Inc.

Review Sheet Results Essay

1. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ reduces the net diffusion of K+ out of the neuron through the K+ leak channels. Your answer: Because outside a typical cell, the concentration of K+ is about 5mM and the concentration of Na+ is about 150 mM. When you increase the concentration of K+ from 5 to 25 mM and reduce concentration of Na+ from 150 to 130 mM, the outside has more concentration of K+. The membrane is permeable to a particular ion, that ion will diffuse down its concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 2. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ causes the membrane potential to change to a less negative value. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: Because outside has more K+, the rate of diffusion is less. The resting membrane potential will become less negative. 3. Explain why a change in extracellular Na+ did not significantly alter the membrane potential in the resting neuron? Your answer: Because it did not effect the resting membrane potential. 4. Discuss the relative permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+ in a resting neuron. Your answer: The resting membrane potential is really a potential difference between the inside of the cell (intracellular) and the outside of the cell (extracellular) across the resting permeability of the membrane to ions and on the intracellular and extracellular concentraions of those ions to which the membrane is permeable. Na+ and K+ are the most important ions, and the concentrations of these ions are established by transport protein, such as the Na+ -K+ pump, so that the intracellular Na+ concentration is low and the intracellular K+ concentraion is high. The ions will diffuse down its concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 5. Discuss how a change in Na+ or K+ conductance would affect the resting membrane potential. Your answer: The resting period potential is a potential difference between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell across the membrane. It depends on the resting permeability of the membrane to ions and on the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of those ions to which the membrane is permeable. View as multi-pages

Communication in the Military

Communication has always been important with in the military from day one. Wihtout this communication no soldier would know where to be or when to be there. When the U. S. military first began we fought in a completely different style than we do today. Back then there was alot more chivalry to war to than there is today. They stood on line with their chests out proud of what they were doing. Without communication the first rank would not know when to fire their muskets, when to take a knee, when to begin reloading their weapons and when to stand back up to take aim to start the process all over again.According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary the classification of communication states it’s a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour. In relation, communication is the heart of what makes the United States Army what it is today. Without Communication vital information would not be passed down from the Ch ief of Command to a chain of Non Commissioned Officers to the soldiers. Not to mention, innocent lives would be in jeopardy, missions would be misconstrued, and simple information from NCO to soldier would be conflicted.Lack of communication in the army means important decision on anything would not be made. Taking from the Chief of Command, if he did communicated to his dependents on decisions such as going to war, or even making the change of declaring General Martin Dempsey chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff how could we improved the nation better yet a team; because all in all the United States army is a TEAM. Not having communication within a constituency of people creates an anarchy of chaos. The smallest amount of information is always imperative.For example, if a soldier goes out over the weekend and doesn’t inform anyone of he or she whereabouts and something crucial happens to him or her no one would never know because that soldier failed to communicated with his /her battle buddy more importantly their NCO. It is important to notify your chain of command where you are at all times so that they know. This is why the Army has developed the TRiPs system so that if traveling outside of the 250 mile radius of post you are required to fill out this digital form and it be approved by your supervisor before taking the said trip so that your chain of command knows your whereabouts always.When others know about one’s location it is easier to manoeuvre to find them if anything should ever go wrong. No one wants to become a victim if something should ever go not according to plan; and that’s why it is critical to notify someone whenever going out. Communication is key due to the simple fact that if the individuals involved in the social interaction do not first form a bases of what is tolerable and what is not, how than, can they â€Å"respect† the other individual.They next element that would be necessary for a healthy respectful relationship would be empathy. Without an empathic outlook by all parties engaged in communication, how might they respect another’s point of view? Empathy must follow communication, for empathy shows acknowledgement and understanding of what was first communicated by all parties. After empathy, the final and most important step towards respect is submission. Submission is needed to assimilate each individual into respect, not per say, for one or more individuals to dominate the others.Lets break down these three ideals of respect, starting with communication. Communication is the very bases for respect. Without this very basic idea, an organization as prominent as the Army of the United States could simply not exist. The relationship between communication and respect is one sided. Communication can exist without respect, but not vice versa. An example of this could include two individuals fighting over the price of an item. Both individuals are communicating, but neither is respecting the other.By any means, the bane of communication when applied to respect is miscommunication. Miscommunication in itself is the very break down of communication. Communication plays an essential role in any institution, especially in the military. The military employs two basic forms of communication; which are verbal and non-verbal. All two forms are vital to the success of the military. Without effective communication in the military regardless of the status there cannot be a positive outcome of any situation with failure to understand what is passed.Military communication has played an important role in transmitting information, orders, and reports both in the field and at sea and between command centres and deployed units both in the field and at sea. Information is transmitted from superiors to subordinates utilizing the chain of command system. â€Å"The American Heritage dictionary of English language† defines Chain of command as a system where by authority is passed down from the top through a series of executive positions or military ranks in which each is accountable to the one directly superior.Individual unit leaders exercise command by communicating orders and instruction of commanders to their respective units. Traditionally, military communication had been in the form of sending and receiving signals. â€Å"The first military comms tool was the communication automobile designed by the Soviet Union in 1934. The basics of the communications in the beginning was the sending and receiving of signals – which were encoded so that the enemy would not be able to get hold of any top secret communication.Then the advent of distinctive signals which lead to the formation of the Signal Corps, this corp. , specialised in tactics of military comms. They evolved into a distinctive occupation where the signaller became a highly technical job dealing with all available communications methods including civil ones. In the modern world, m ost nations attempt to minimize the risk of war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing the limits of communication technology and systems.As a result military communication is more intense, complicated, and often motivates the development of advanced technology for remote systems such as satellites and aircraft, both manned and unmanned, as well as computers. Computers and their varied applications have revolutionized military comms. Fortunately military communication does not always merely facilitate warfare, but often supports intelligence gathering and communication between adversaries, and thus sometimes prevents war. Signal communication is basically a means of conveying information from person or place to the other utilizing indicators such as gestures and smoke. Signal communication or signaling has long played an important role in warfare. â€Å"This form of communication is greatly employed when troops don’t want to be heard or detected an d it serves to provide a means of transmitting information from reconnaissance and other units in contact with the enemy. † The military uses signal communcations in many different ways and have done so since the beginning of the military.Whether it be in the form of hand and arm signals within an Infantry unit to allow everyone behind them to know what they need to do at a specific time whether it be halt or stop movement, or to take a knee, to get down in the prone, to mark a rally point to meet up at. The list goes on and on and by using a signaling form of communication it allows them to do so without being heard by an enemy force that may be in the immediate area. The signaling form of communication smoke is also used by infantry units and other ground force elements to notify others what they need to do or the position in which they are in.They use smoke to notify medevac of their position in case they have wounded or KIA within their element to be picked up. Ground troo ps would â€Å"pop smoke† and wait for the medevac helicopter to indicate what color of smoke that they see to know that it is they element in which they are intending to go to. Verbal communication is the most widely used form of communication in the military. This method has an advantage over the other forms of communication. It allows the person passing the information to interpret the facial expressions of those receiving the information being passed.You can also use the web now days as a form of verbal communcation. With the addition of this tool the military has become even more effective. With this tool leaders are able to send the same message to a large group of people without having to take the time out to have a formation or a gathering of the soldiers in order to do so. This method has become the primary source of communcation within the military because of its ease and almost everyone has access to a computer and the web at some point during their duty day.It red uces time in which it takes to get information put out and reduces the amount of time that one would waste by going to a gathering or formation. The people within the conversation is ultimately unlimited to whomever they would like within it and allows for multiple responses at one said time whenever they see the message and are able to send a response without taking them away from other tasks at hand and allowing them to efficiently transition from one task to the next.Military Communication is a key to the success of everything that we do in the military. Here is an example of how the web can help efficiently pass along information in the Army. With communicating in the military it has to be clear and to the point because many times it has to be passed on to someone else and there can not be any confusion. Just recently I received and email.It was to pass along what the Commander had worked out for the holiday schedule for Thanksgiving and wanted all the units to be aware of the d ays that we would have off and the days that we needed to post a duty also give us the days for leave that service members are allowed to take and posted a memo stating that if someone is to take leave on these dates they are not allowed to take leave for the rest of the year unless it was a red cross emergency. The purpose of this email so I can inform my team on the days that we would have off and the days allotted for leave.My commanding officer was the sender and I was the receiver. The message was the days we would have off for thanksgiving holidays. The technology used was a milper messages which is a military personal message. All involved had positive feedback. The technology used was very appropriate due to this needed to be sent out to many units at one time rather than the commander looking up each email address and sending that out that way he could send it out to each unit and then the Commanding Officer can see to it that the message was passed to each person.Another f orm of military communication is Cryptography. Cryptography is one of the most influential and important assets pertaining to government today. â€Å"Cryptography is the mathematical science of preparingcommunication incoherent to parties unintended to receive the message, or Cryptography is the study of methods of converting readable messages into guised unreadable information, unless one knows of the methods of decryption. This military comms method ensured that the messages reached the correct hands and eyes or ears.Nowadays digital cash, signatures, digital rights management and intellectual property rights and secure electronic commerce are its new purviews. It is also being used in computing, telecommunications and infrastructure. † In essence this what this statement is saying is that when using cryptography you are required to enter some sort of passcode or password in order to access the material contained within the message. The military uses this method when it com es to almost any kind of electronically sent mail or information.In order to access the Army Knowledge Online website which contains soldiers data and emails you are required to enter your username and password. The passwords the military requires people to use are some of the most difficult passwords to hack. All passwords must contain uppercase, lowercase letters along with numbers and special characters. Another form of Cryptography used by the military is the common access card. This card contains soldier data within a microchip that is inserted into an identification card. When using the CAC card you also have a 6-8 digit pincode that is required when acessing government computers or material.Each soldier has a CAC card that is used to get throught the gate on each military installation. This form of Cryptography takes two essential things in the miltary and forms them both into one idea. Written communication is another form in which the military uses. The written form of comm unication is probably the most commonly used form of communication within the military. Military uses written communication everyday. Whether it be in the form of an email which can also be considered verbal or in the form of a Memorandum for record or a DA form 4856 counseling form. One of the most important concepts to master is expressed several ways: put your bottom line first, hook your reader, make it relevant to him/her. DA PAM 600-67 lists this concept first among its seven style techniques in Paragraph 3-1 and hammers the idea home again in Paragraph 3-2. AR 25-50 says â€Å"focus first on the main point† (Paragraph 1-45) and â€Å"open with a short, clear purpose statement† (Paragraph 1-46). † A MFR can be for the purpose of many different things. It can be used to give guidence of off limit establishments or be a directive on how a task will be carried out.Beyond that there are even more ways a memorandum for record may be used but those are just a cou ple that come to mind right off hand. The DA form 4856 counseling is used amongst the Army. It gives guidence to the soldier on a monthly basis or whenever they do something negative in which his or her chain of command feels it is necessary to give the soldier a negative counseling. There are many other reasons for a counseling. They can be used for promotion purposes to give the soldier a guideline to things that he or she must accomplish in order to be recommended for promotion or reasons that they are not being recommended.On a monthly basis the counseling tells a soldier how the soldier ultimately did for the previous month whether it be good or bad. The counseling will have special emphasis on what the soldier did well as well as the soldiers shortcomings, giving the soldier guidence on what he or she should work on the following month. The DA 4856 is an excellent form of communication between the Team or Squad leader and the lower enlisted within his or her team or squad when used properly.Most people in the Army do not use the counseling form in the correct manner in which it was designed to be used. This is usually due to the fact that they themselves do not understand Army communication themselves or they just do not understand how the form is actually meant to be used. The Army is begining to go back to its old way and the ways that most soldiers have been brought up in the Army is in fact the wrong way leading to what is being known as Toxic Leadership and the Department of the Army is doing their best to begin getting rid of this toxic leadership.Toxic leadership could be defined as someone that does the bare minimum or in the case of a counseling form would what is referred to as hand jamming it. Meaning that they pay no attention to their soldier but when something comes up and they do not have the counselings prepared they go back and write them and instruct the lower enlisted soldier that they are in control of to back date the form to keep th em from getting in trouble as well. This form has become more and more common within the Army that is rediculous.If someone wants to be in charge of someone they should take charge and do what they are suppose to do in that position not throwing their soldier under the bus when they think thats something they have done is coming back to bite them based on their own actions†¦ They expect their soldiers to cover them but leadership is suppose to stick up for their soldiers not throw them under the bus. What kind of signal, what kind of communication is this to the lower level soldier? Not a good one and thats all that can be said.To sum up this essay there are several different forms of communication within the military that all serve their own purpose to the military. There is the communication form of signal that can be used to signal different things from telling other soldiers what they should do next when in combat, to informing air support of your position via smoke or a VS -17 panel. There is the form of verbal communication which can be used to give a platoon or company of soldiers a safety briefing for the weekend, or just to put out guidence to a select few individuals within the element.Another form of communication being cryptography. Cryptography allows one said person to send another said person a message or email or another form of typed material that you must use a passcode, pincode, or password to access. All forms of government email use this type of communication to ensure the safety and well being of the rest of the population of the United States. The last form of communication we discussed is written. Written communication is the most important and most commonly used among the military.Written comunication can be used as a MFR or counseling session for a lower level soldier. A MFR can be used in different ways, it can be used to notify soldiers of off limit establishments or just to give guidence to soldiers on how to accomplish a said task that has been given to them. A DA form 4856 is utilized to give guidence to the lower level soldier on how well they have performed over the period of a month. Commonly known as a monthly counseling but can also be used as a negative counseling to inform a soldier of wrong doing that he or she has done to recieve the statement.Negative counselings can be used in conjunction to ultimately punish the soldier using UCMJ action. All in all communcation is an essential part of the military. The lack of communication cause serious problems as well as just the lack of understanding the communication that has been given. Communication within the military is a must or nothing will get done, or get done to the standards anyway. It is imparative that all members of the United States military understand the importance of communication and excercises it on a regular basis on order for the military to effectively function.