Sources of English Law

Sources of English Law By Christopher Richards 9/11/09 Executive Summary In this report I will be discussing the English Legal System, its structure and its primary sources. English law and its legal structure forms the basis of many countries common law legal system, this includes most commonwealth countries and the United States. English law falls into two broad categories: Civil law – derived from Roman law, it is applied when â€Å"wrongs† have been made against individuals; it is also know as a claim or an action. Criminal law – first instrumented following the Norman Conquest of 1066, Its offences relate to â€Å"wrongs† against property and, or persons which affects the whole community, it is often referred to as prosecution.. I will explain why the methods and tools of statutory interpretation are necessary for the correct implement of statutes and how judicial president formed the backbone of English common law. Introduction The English legal system stems from The Norman Conquest, William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 and upon successfully defeating his adversary he gained the crown of England. William formed the fist basic government â€Å"The King’s Councilâ€Å"(Magnum Concilium) comprised of Lords, Bishops, Barons and other trusted figures Who’s advice which the monarch relied on. Introduced the separation of lay courts and church courts with a binding jurisdiction leading to church law i. e. : clergy were tried in there own courts. As the Monarch William owned all of England with lords, bishops and barons possessing land as tenants or sub tenants, this prompt the introduction of Feudalism of land tenure and judicial activity. Common law† would be established by Judges discussing conduct and behaviour throughout the land, still at this point no legislation was ever written down. Further changes arise, these includes the advancement of â€Å"Case law† setting precedent through facts of similar cases that have already been decided so that it can be judged equally, additionally the hierarchy of binding precedents and court structure. Statutory Interpretation Some statutes have a vague or misleading words or phrases many with homonyms which can make the process of implementing the correct ruling a difficult one, A few areas to look at are a Broad term (words that are used to cover many possibilities), Ambiguity (were the word has two or more meanings and its not defining in which one should be used), a drafting error (an error that was made when drafting the bill or when it was amended), new developments (developments in technology means that old acts may not cover present day situations) and use of language( words that have changed in meaning over time), this is why statutory interpretation as a tool is so important, it allows judges to look at statutes and deduce the true reasoning behind it, there are three methods which are used to do this. Literal Rule This is the most commonly used construction and takes precedent over the following rules; it means to take words written into the statute literally in the sense that if the words are clear then they should be applied. The literal rules had been scrutinised by many lawyers, and said to be â€Å"a rule against using intelligence in understanding language. Anyone who in ordinary life interpreted words literally, being indifferent to what the speaker or writer meant would be regarded as a pedant, a mischief-maker or an idiot†. An example of this is in the Hotel Proprietors act 1956, it provides that the hotel proprietor is liable for loss of or damage to guests’ property, but does not extend to guest vehicles or property left â€Å"therein† , so does the proprietor fall liable to property left on, rather than inside the vehicle ? Interpreted literally yes, the proprietor is liable, because if the act had intended to exclude property left on a vehicle the act would have said â€Å"therein or thereon† so great care must be applied when using this rule. The Golden Rule The golden rule is very much a modification to the literal rule, whereas instead of taking the literal meaning the courts will use a narrow or a wide approach of interpreting the word to avoid an absurd result. If the Narrow approach is applied it would usually be because the word themselves lead to an absurd result for example if there is a sign that say â€Å"do not use lifts in case of a fire† interpreted literally it would mean â€Å"to never use lifts, in case of a fire† which would lead to an absurd result but clearly it is to prevent people from using the lifts if there is a fire nearby. The wide approach is were the word has only one meaning but the meaning could result in a repugnant situation, the wider golden rule would be applied to modify the words in the statute to avoid an unfair result this is shown in the case Re Sigsworth (1935) A son had murdered his mother then committed suicide, The mother had not made a will and under the Administration of justice act 1925 the son would been entitled to her inheritance, the decision had to be made weather her inheritance was to passed onto the mothers family or her son, there is no ambiguity of the act so due to the circumstances the judge used to golden rule to favour the mothers family rather than the son benefiting from his crime. this rule is favoured by Lord Wensleydale in the case of Grey vs. Pearson (1857) he stated â€Å"In construing statutes, and all written instruments, the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless that would lead to some absurdity or inconsistency with the rest of the instrument, in which case the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words may be modified, so as to avoid that absurdity or inconsistency, but not farther†. The Mischief rule This third rule gives a judge more discretion than either the literal or the golden rule. This rule requires the court to look to what the law was before the statute was passed in order to discover what gap or mischief the statute was intended to cover. The court is then required to interpret the statute in such a way to ensure that the gap is covered. The rule is shown in Heydon's Case (1584), where it was said that for the true interpretation of a statute, four things have to be considered: 1. What was the common law before the making of the Act. 2. What was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. 3. What remedy Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the Commonwealth. 4. The true reason of the remedy, and then the office of the Judges is to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy. An example of the mischief rule in use is found in the case of Corkery v Carpenter (1951). In 1951 Shane Corkery was sentenced to one month's imprisonment for being drunk in charge of a bicycle in public. The defendant was drunk and was pushing his pedal bicycle along Broad Street in Ilfracombe. He was charged under section 12 of the Licensing Act 1872 with being drunk in charge of a carriage. The 1872 Act made no reference to bicycles. The court elected to use the mischief rule to decide the matter. The purpose of the Act was to prevent people from using any form of transport on a public highway whilst in a state of intoxication. The bicycle was a form of transport and therefore the user was correctly charged. Purposive approach This rule exceeds the mischief rule by not just looking for gaps in statutes but for judges to decide what parliament actually meant to achieve. One of the true supporters of this rule is Lord Denning, his attitude towards this rule is shown in the case of Magor and St Mellons v Newport Corporation (1950) â€Å"We sit here to find out the intention of parliament and carry it out, and we do this better by filling in the gaps and making sense of the enactment than by opening it up to destructive analysis† This approach does have its drawbacks and many a judge has voiced its shortcomings saying that, should judges refuse to follow the clear words of parliament and how do they know what parliament’s intentions were? Summary Statutory interpretation as tool is paramount, without it, statutes that were written 100 years ago just wouldn’t be able to be implemented unless statutory interpretation was used. It allows judges and Lords the flexibility to look into statutes and decide whether it is still fair to implement, to break down statues and to interpret how they were original intended, additional if bills hav e been written incorrectly the judge can use statutory interpretation to avoid absurd results and not make a mockery of the English Legal System. Rules of Language Eiusdum generis (of the same kind) In addition to the rules above, the courts also rely on rules of language to assist in statutory interpretation. Firstly, eiusdum generis Latin for â€Å"of the same kind,† used to interpret loosely written statutes. The general words are to be taken as referring only to those things of the same class as specifically mentioned e. g. ‘cats and dogs’ does not include wild animals. There must be at least two specific words in a list before the general word or phrase for this rule to operate. (the phrase ‘theatre or other place of public entertainment’ includes a funfair even though it was not of the same kind as theatres). Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (the mention of one thing excludes others) This is when one or more things of a particular class are mentioned but others may be silently excluded this can be seen in the case of Tempest v Kilner (1846) the court had to decide whether stock and shares were affected by the statutes of fraud 1677(which states that the contract of goods, wares and merchandise of the value of ? 10 or more must be evidenced in writing) but it was deemed that list of goods, ware and merchandise was not followed by general words(stocks and shares) and were not affected by the statute. Noscitur a sociis (a word is known by the company it keeps) This rule of language used by the courts helps interpret legislation, under which the questionable meaning of a doubtful word can be derived from it association with other words. This can be seen in the case Foster v Diphwys Casson (1887), this involved a statute which stated that explosives taken into a mine must be in a â€Å"case or canister†. Here the defendant used a cloth bag. The courts had to consider whether a cloth bag was within the definition. Under noscitur a socials, it was held that the bag could not have been within the statutory definition, because parliament's intention was referring to a case or container of the same strength as a canister. Intrinsic Aids are things inside the act which assist the judge to interpret or apply the law. Extrinsic Aids are things outside the act which assist the judges to apply or interpret he law. For example the judges can look at previous acts of Parliament and the historical setting. Judicial precedent A judicial precedent is a decision of the court used as a source for future decision making. This is known as stare decisis (stand upon decisions) and by which precedents are binding and must be followed. When new cases are brought to court for the first instance and there are no previous cases to base the judgement, this is called Original president. Binding precedent is where past judgements of a similar set of facts are implemented to help courts to keep cases fair by deciding the outcome based upon previous cases. The common law has been developed by passing down from precedent to precedent. In giving judgement a judge will state the law, set out the facts and then provide a decision , it is only the ratio decidendi (the legal reasoning for judicial decision)which is binding in later courts. Orbiter dicta (other things said) may be put forward in future cases but it is not binding, the difficulty is the separation of the two from past judgement as they are not usually listed separately. Judicial precedent is an important source of English law as an original precedent is one which creates and applies a new rule. However, the later decisions, especially of the higher courts, can have a number of effects upon precedents. In particular, they may be: †¢ Reversed: where on appeal in the same case the decision is reversed, the initial decision will not continue to have any effect †¢ Overruled: In a later case a higher court decides that the outcome of the first case was wrong. †¢ Distinguished: where an earlier case is rejected, either because the material facts differ or because the statement of law in the previous case is too narrow to be properly applied to the new set of facts †¢ †¢ A refusal to follow: this arises where a court, not bound by the decision, cannot overrule it but does not wish to follow it so it simply refuses to follow the earlier decision †¢ Explained: a judge may seek to interpret an earlier decision before applying it, so the effect of the earlier case is varied in the circumstances of the present case. Court hierarchy and structure In England and Wales there is a strict hierarchy of the court system, every court is bound by a decision made by a superior court in its hierarchy and appellate courts (courts that hear appeals) are generally bound by its own decision. Courts of first instance Is where the original case was heard, The ECJ, House of Lords, court of appeal and divisional courts do not hear any original cases as they only hear cases of appeal. European Court of Justice The ECJ is the highest court in the English Legal system; European law will be decided in this court and will be binding on the rest of the courts within its structure although some laws are unaffected by ECJ and the House of Lords is supreme. One important feature of the ECJ is that it can overrule its own past decisions if deemed necessary. House of Lords Is not bound by its own decisions and is the most senior national court, its decision bind all courts lower in its hierarchy. Court of appeal Is subsequently split into two divisions, civil and criminal, both are bound by superior courts (House of Lords and ECJ) generally they will follow past decisions of their own but some flexibility (more so criminal division) is accepted. Divisional court Decisions are bound by the ECJ, House of Lords and court of appeal and are also usually bound by its own decisions although some flexibility similar to that of the Court of appeal can be used. High court Decisions are always bound by courts higher than them but none below. All other courts below the High Court are bound by higher courts and will not set president in subsequent cases. [pic] Unknown author. The Court Structure of Her Majesty's Courts Service [online] Available at http://www. hmcourts-service. gov. uk/aboutus/structure/index. htm accessed 16/11/09 Use of Practice Statement Introduced in 1966, practice statements allowed the House of Lords to change a law and deviate from following earlier cases if they have been considered to have been wrongly decided. There is very little guidance when implementing therefore many judges have been reluctant to use it. The first instance of its use was in the Herrington v British Railways Board(1972) this involved the law of their duty and care owed to a child trespasser. In an earlier case Addie v Dumbreak (1929) the lords had decided that the land occupier is only responsible for the duty of care to injuries of child trespassers if the injuries were deliberate or reckless. In the herrington case the lords had decided that social and physical conditions had changed since 1929 and so should the law. Summary Judicial precedent is a crucial segment in English law, it has formed the backbone of common law by passing rulings from president to president, binding or none binding and has given Judges and lords the power to keep every case fair through binding president and in the eventuality of changes (social circumstances, politics, technology) it can use it to adapt and move with the times accordingly. ———————– European Court of Justice

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Exercising daily is beneficial to a person’s health. While many people exercise for this reason, they are seeking methods to improve endurance and performance. In an attempt to offer durability and better endurance, sports drink manufacturers have started to add protein to their products. â€Å"Sports drinks improve performance during prolonged exercise because of two key ingredients, carbohydrates and sodium (Preidt, 2006). † The carbohydrates provide the fuel and the sodium aids in maintaining fluid balance. While sports drinks may be helpful during exercise, added protein may or may not increase performance. Gatorade and Accelerade sports drink companies sponsored two studies to determine if this is true. One study thinks that adding protein increases performance, the other does not. Type of statistical procedure used Sometimes individuals are aware of the experiment and may not be honest about the results from the test. In this test, experimenters were trying to avoid the placebo effect. The placebo effect is when people improve because they think that they are receiving useful treatment (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2003). To rule out the possibility of the placebo effect, the athletes were told that some of the drinks will contain protein; they were not told which ones. The placebo effect would alter the test and the results would be biased because the athletes would claim performance improvement, thinking that their drinks contained protein. When using a placebo, the athletes must know that the drinks may or may not contain protein. But, they must also know that they will not be able to tell the difference in taste. The placebo appears to be the same but lacks the active ingredient; in this case there was no protein present in some of the drinks. The participants were not aware of which drinks had protein, thus their answers would more likely be real. The studies The studies used 10 trained cyclists to determine if adding protein to sports drinks would increase performance and endurance. In the studies, the cyclists did not know which sports drink they were consuming. In both studies the cyclists were given one of three drinks. They were either given a regular sports drink, one with protein added, or a placebo. This trial was taken on three different occasions. Findings The Canadian study, sponsored by Gatorade, found that adding protein does not improve exercise performance (Preidt, 2006). Martin Gibala was the lead researcher for this study. Of the three sports drinks, the results showed that sports drinks overall did improve performance when compared to the placebo. But, the study also showed that the sports drink with the protein was no more beneficial than the regular one (Preidt, 2006). Gibala states â€Å"our study shows that protein confers no performance benefit during ? real-life’ exercise when athletes consume sufficient amounts of sports drinks. † While the Gatorade study does not believe that protein increases performance, Accelerade’s study states otherwise. Accelerade’s sports drink contains carbohydrates, sodium, and protein. The athletes in their study lost about 2. 5 percent of their body weight through exercise-induced sweating. According to the researchers for this study, Accelerade with protein rehydrated the athletes 15 percent better than those drinking Gatorade and 40 percent better than those drinking plain water (Preidt, 2006). Appropriateness of findings Because the cyclists in the studies were trained and all received the same drinks, I think that the results are inconclusive. Gatorade’s results state that adding protein does not improve performance while Accelerade’s results are not given. Accelerade’s study only states that its sports drinks rehydrate better, but does not address the issue of performance. I think that more research should be done and untrained athletes should be used as well. Because more than just trained athletes consume these beverages, a broader group should be trialed. While the study only addresses those trained cyclists, its results may differ for other athletes. Conclusion When studying the affects of adding protein to sports drinks, one must look at all factors. Factors include age, weight, athleticism, and product consumed. One must also determine if the protein actually increased performance. While Gatorade made a conclusive decision, Accelerade did not. If an athlete was going to make a decision on whether or not to purchase a protein-infused sports drink, he or she would not be able to make a decision based on Accelerade’s research. References: Bennett, J. O. Briggs, W. L. , & Triola, M. F. (2003). Statistical reasoning for everyday life (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Preidt, R. Health Day News. (Aug 2006). Studies Divided on Value of Adding Protein to Sports Drinks. Retrieved September 4, 2006 from http://www. medicinenet. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=63522.

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To what extent are issues of gender important in processes of flight and forced displacement - Essay Example These women become especially vulnerable to flight and forced displacement when civil unrest and wars are fought by their mother countries or by their ethnic communities. These issues of gender impact differently on the processes of flight and forced displacement; in some instances, it may bear a heavier or much more significant impact as compared to other issues. This paper shall assess the extent to which the issues of gender bear importance in processes of flight and displacement. It shall use particular cases in order to present a clear explanation of the issues set forth in this paper. The extent to which issues of gender are important in processes of flight and forced displacement may be considered based on several points which relate to the impact that displacement can bring to a person’s life. Women are especially vulnerable because many of them are often subjected to rape, involuntary servitude and violence (Buscher & McKenna, 2006). These are abuses which are often successfully perpetrated on women because they are physically weaker and may not be able to fend off the violent and forceful advances of strong and powerful men. Nevertheless, â€Å"displaced and refugee women and girls are often resilient survivors, courageous protectors and untiring caregivers† (Buscher & McKenna, 2006, p. 1). However, these women must first face dangers unique to their gender like rape, gender-based violence and even forced labor. They are also in danger during various stages of displacement from their flight to their displacement and on to their return (Buscher & McKenna, 2006). They, along with their children, face these risks and dangers, even as they face the daily challenge of trying to survive with hardly any food, clothing, or shelter. In the case of the Afghan women, children and girls, they faced and they are still facing most of the dangers as previously mentioned above. Gender

Policy review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy review - Essay Example 2006: 1). Perioperative environment area is the sterile area that should be free of the infection-causing bacteria. Therefore preventing cross transmission of the MRO must be addressed in all perioperative settings including, day surgery, the surgical ward, the holding area, the surgery suite, and the PACU. It is the responsibility of all healthcare staff to protect themselves and their surgical patients from contracting MRO infections. The Infection Control Policy: Prevention and Management of Multi-Resistant Organisms (MRO), a policy directive of the NSW Department of Health, or PD2007_084 would guide all health workers in the prevention and management of MRO. The content of document, PD2007_084, the NSW Department of Health policy directive which is the Infection Control Policy: Prevention and Management of Multi-Resistant Organism (MRO) outlined the roles and responsibilities of healthcare staffs by highlighting the general and specific measures that should be observed as standar d practices in all healthcare units. The general measures refer to infection control measures, use of antimicrobials, and environmental cleaning. Specific measures included surveillance of MRO, screening patients and healthcare workers for MRO, risk categorisation of patients and healthcare workers for MRSA, decolonisation and clearing a patient of MRSA, and risk categorisation of patient care area. Guidelines on specimen collection, decolonisation protocol for MRSA, and relevant readings are also included in this policy. Lee and Bishop (2002:273-274) stated that nosocomial infections are grouped into two categories: exogenous infections and endogenous infections. Exogenous infections refer to those infections from the hospital environment, staff, other patients and visitors. Endogenous infections are cause by microorganism in the patient’s own normal flora, including hospital strains. Lee and Bishop (2002: 274-275) also stated that the Australian survey showed a higher preva lence of nosocomial infections in large teaching hospitals because they usually have a large reservoir of infection in intensive care unit, specialised burns unit and in transplant operations facilities. In Australia, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of controlling and managing infection control in the recent years. All staffs are responsible to control hospital infection by observing the infection control policies and guidelines (Lee and Bishops, 2002: 276). Purpose of the Policy The purpose of infection control policy is primarily the prevention and management of MRO in healthcare facilitates so as to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers through the implementation of routine and standard practices of preventing and controlling the risk of transmission and colonisation of infectious agents. This will prevent fatal illness or death from MRO infection, prolonged hospital stays, readmissions, and additional diagnostic and treatment cost associat ed with such infectious contamination. Implementation would thereby improve the delivery of healthcare services and protect the lives of both patients and healthcare workers. The purpose of infection control policy is not only for the prevention and management of multi-resistant organism in the perioperative environment but also in every aspect of the

Individual Behavior (Organizations) Essay Example for Free

Individual Behavior (Organizations) Essay Individual behavior is considered as one of the main determinants of the productivity of a given organization. The said relationship is believed to be very important that an entire academic discipline was created to focus on its study. Organizational behavior is a field of study that concentrates on describing, understanding, predicting and controlling human behavior in an organizational setting. It is divided into four sub-fields – individual behavior, group behavior, organizational structure and organizational processes. These allow organizational behavior to study a wide range of topics, such as personality, job satisfaction, leadership, group dynamics and the impact of stress on work (Answers, 2008). Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations It is true that human behavior varies from one person to another due to their individual differences. However, organizational behavior scientists argued that individual behavior is made up of the same elements. These elements must be identified in order to establish predictability in the study of human behavior. The consistency of these elements result in the development of reasonably accurate predictions of individual behavior (NEU-CBA, n. d. ). Understanding Individuals in Organization Organizational behavior scientists use the psychological contract in their study in order to understand the members of a particular organization. Psychological contract refers to a members expectations based on his or her contributions and the organizations inducements. Contributions are what the member provides to the organization. Inducements, on the other hand, are what the organization will provide the member in exchange for the latters contributions (Abelson, 2006). Personality and Individual Behavior In sharp contrast to psychological contract, the element of personality and individual behavior assert that individual behavior within an organization is determined by â€Å"the relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another† (Abelson, 2006). One of the most popular personality frameworks is the â€Å"Big Five† Personality Traits. It is composed of the following: a) Agreeableness – A persons ability to establish good relationships with others b) Conscientiousness – The number of goals of which a person strives hard to achieve c) Negative emotionality – The extent to which an individual can remain poised, calm, resilient and secure d) Extraversion – The level of comfort a person has with interpersonal relationships e) Openness – An individuals flexibility in terms of beliefs and interests (Abelson, 2006) Attitudes and Individual Behavior Attitudes are the beliefs and feelings that people have regarding certain ideas, situations or other people. Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individuals encounters other people who does not share his or her attitudes. The element of attitudes and individual behavior believe that members of an organization behave the way they do because it is their means of dealing with people who possess attitudes that are different from theirs. For an organization to be productive, its member must learn how to respect each others differences and work as a team despite their diversity in beliefs, attitudes and values (Abelson, 2006). Work-related Attitudes It must be noted, however, that individual behavior in an organization can also be influenced by attitudes that were developed in the workplace. Some examples of work-related attitudes are the following: a) Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction – An attitude that reflects the amount of pleasure or fulfillment that an individual achieves from his or her work b) Organizational Commitment – An attitude that measures a persons degree of affinity with the organization itself c) Affect and Mood in Organizations i. Positive Affectivity – A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of optimism and well-being; sees things in a positive light ii. Negative affectivity – A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of pessimism and gloom; sees things negatively (Abelson, 2006). Perception and Individual Behavior This element defines a persons behavior as a result of his or her perception, or the set of processes by which he or she becomes aware of his or her environment and starts to interpret information about it. One of the most detrimental forms of perception is selective perception, or the practice of disregarding information that a person feels uncomfortable with or goes against his or her own beliefs. Selective perception may lead to stereotyping or the usage of a single attribute to categorize or label other people. Selective perception may also result in scapegoating or making other people take responsibility for ones own faults and shortcomings (Abelson, 2006). Stress and Individual Behavior Stress is â€Å"an individual’s response to a strong stimulus,† called a stressor (Ableson, 2006). The general cycle of the human body experiencing and recovering from stress is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Often caused by task, physical, role and interpersonal demands, one of the major effects of stress is burnout, or the feeling of exhaustion produced by undergoing stress for prolonged periods of time (Abelson, 2006). Experts categorized people into two types, depending on how much they can endure stress. â€Å"Type A† people were those who are very competitive, hardworking and are extremely particular when it comes to time. â€Å"Type B† people, on the other hand, were those who were not as hardworking, dilligent and time-conscious. It was said that â€Å"Type A† people were more likely to experience burnout than â€Å"Type B† individuals (Abelson, 2006). Creativity in Organizations This element stresses the importance of an organizations creativity in affecting the behavior of its members. An organization that is always able to come up with new ideas or new perspectives that will improve existing ideas have a greater chance of improving productivity among its members than an organization who strictly adheres to convention and does not welcome innovation. Types of Workplace Behavior The effectiveness of an organization is very much affected by workplace behavior, or the pattern of action exhibited by its members while working. Workplace behavior is categorized into four types: a) Performance Behaviors – The â€Å"total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display† (Abelson, 2006). An organizations performance behaviors is usually indicated in its manual for its members. Performance behaviors are one of the organizations ways of communicating to its members what are its objectives and how will these be attained. b) Withdrawal Behaviors – Characterized by the absence of an organizations members i. Absenteeism – When people develop a habitual pattern of not showing up for work ii. Turnover – When people resign from their jobs c) Organizational Citizenship – When people display behavior that contributes positively and immensely to their organization. d) Dysfunctional Behaviors – Behaviors that are detrimental to organizational performance (e. g. stealing office property, fighting in the office premises, reporting to work in improper attire, etc. ) When a person shows dysfunctional behavior, he or she is sending the message that he or she does not belong to the organization that he or she joined and that he or she has contempt for those who do. In addition, the person who exhibits dysfunctional behavior also has contempt for the organization itself, as well as for its objectives (Abelson, 2006). Conclusion An organization is composed of individual members who have different backgrounds, beliefs, values and principles. Hence, it is very crucial to train them how to work harmoniously with one another despite their differences. By identifying the elements of individual behavior in an organization, employers can establish standards and rules that are firm but at the same time considerate towards the workers needs. Not only will the company prosper; the employees will also become better workers and persons as well. References Abelson, M. (2006). Chapter 15 – Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations. PDF File. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://wehner. tamu. edu/mgmt. www/mgmt. 363/non-business_363/Chapter%2015%20%20-%20Griffin%208th%20Edition. pdf. Answers. com. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www. answers. com/topic/organizational-behavior? cat=biz-fin Northeastern University – College of Business Administration (NEU-CBA). (n. d. ). Human Behavior in Organizations: An Introduction. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://web. cba. neu. edu/~ewertheim/introd/introd. htm

Conclusion According Essay Example for Free

Conclusion According Essay This is the hatred of another person by a person due to his status and the skin color. Racism has been a major issue in the United States and this has lead to hatred of many people. Racism is specifically accomplished by the skin color that is how the white perceive the black people. The dark skin has been disrespected worldwide by the white people and this has brought about racism. Metraux A (1950) Racism is like a belief that another person is less than of a value than the person, the belief determines the person background d the power and also the color. Racism is something that as been inherited from the fore front of our great grand parents, that is according to the white man they used to put the black man into slavery because the black man had no power over the white man, racism is something that is running into our own lives and it is something that has been very difficult to overcome because it is said it is something that is in a culture of a person and it is inheritable. Scholars have been very much to know the roots of racism and to look upon the causes and ways in which h racism can be avoided but it is true to say that racism lives within a person and the only way to change racism is by fighting and changing of our own perception towards a particular group of people or not looking at people according to there own skin co lour. Wellman T (1993) The perception of the black men on politics, during this era of Richard Wright the white men were the only people who were considered in politics and not in social areas, the white men had the only power to be seen in politics and anything that needed leadership and this brought about the discrimination of the black on politics. The black men were inert and no where to be seen in anything that concerned politics or leadership, they were considered as people who could not lead and who had little knowledge or no knowledge of the way to politics, therefore the white people made the decisions on matters that resulted to politics and social matters. Bernard L (1992) The black men had no right of being educated or receive any information according to Richard Wright, the Whites were only seen to be the people who were allowed to be educated, and mostly the black people were considered to grow up as slaves of the white people. Therefore they never considered giving the white childhood any type of education because they new definitely that they will grow into slaves of the white, and in any case a black was considered educated there was a certain place where they could be taken and given work but under the management of the white people, therefore no black person was seen as a leader or a manager of a company despite his educational background he had to be under the supervision of the white people. Benjamin H (2006) During this era the black men were perceived as people who grew up as criminals and there main aim was to kill the white people, they were considered as poor people always in need and people who had no power over anything that is they were to work and be slaves under the strict supervision of the white people. Has this perception changed? The perception of the black by the white has partly changed; still there is the discrimination of the white by the black in the modern world meaning that racism is still a topic to be discussed and how to overcome it. black people are now allowed in politics by the white people, but still there are number of white people who do not accept that black people can still lead they grant them as people who need strict supervision and in this case they have not be able to accept leadership by the black people. Black men have been freed from the times of slavery by the white people and the society has regarded racism as a discrimination term that is supposed to be changed, therefore considering the skin colour of the black as being helpful to the society. The culture has developed a very bad image of the black people from the white perception it is accurate to say that the society looks upon its roots on the black perception they still discriminate the black on some of the current issues for example they still consider the black as criminals, drug addicts and abusers. Therefore it is true that racism is being fought but still there people who are still bound by there cultural perception and beliefs about the black. Stereotypes of African American are generalized about the behavior of African group or individual. These stereotypes developed in American culture since the colonial era and they have been used to portray the black men as naive irresponsible or careless, lazy, poor and violent. Therefore racism is all about the color, the black face was developed in America to show the color development of the black and how the black got discriminated simply be cause of there color. There was a book for children that was developed called Sambo, it also discriminated the black as people who were lazy and people who were irresponsible and it considered black to be slur. The book is about a boy who outwitted a number of tiger and the boy is considered to be black. The magic Negro also refereed the black people discrimination; Negro was a disrespectful term that was used to call the black people. The mammy archetype referred the black people as slaves that are they were seen tying apron so that they can help the white either in there assigned work by the white people. Current survey has shown that the white are still discriminating the black people, for example research has shown that there is discrimination of the black by the white especially by the taxi drivers, they consider the white more than the black people showing that the white still grant the black people as people who are still poor. In a police case survey has shown that the black people are much discriminated by the white policemen more than the way the white policeman will deal with a white person, this shows that racism is still going on. Black people are still considered as criminal more than the white people; there skin color which is black has made them be preserved as criminal more than the white people. Marvin J On current survey black people possess the ownership of being feared by other people because from there judgment of color they look like criminals and thugs, this has created a difference from the white people, who have been judged by there skin color as people who posses innocence Conclusion According to Richard Wright era black men perception was very negative, this shows that Racism is like a diseases that is within our own perception and in this ca se it should be healed, human being s were created in different color that is there is the white and the black, and it is true to say that there is no need to judge a person according to the skin color. Having a white skin does not mean that power over everything was given to the whites, this has been developed over the years and this has lead to the disrespect and the misuse of the dark skin, there fore changing the perception about the black people over the white people is very difficult. Because racism is something that has been there since the colonial era and it is something that has been developing over and over the generations. Robber M(Ed) the stereotypes that were developed to mark the black man it is certainly that they are still continuing to mark the black man as still powerless up to this current world. It is very unfortunate to explain that the current world has not changed there conduct to the perception of racism especially when it comes to the dark skin, most leaders in the world have lead to the racism and minority of these leaders have been unable to fight, it is wise to change the people perception on racism especially when dealing with the skin color. People have difference by there own skin color but this does not mean that one skin color is superior to the other; there fore it is good for the world to come to an end and fight racism on skin color. Work cited Metraux A (1950) United Nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on problems of race in American Anthropologist Wellman T (1993) portraits of white Racism. New York, NY Cambridge University Press Bernard L (1992) Race and Slavery in the Middle East an historical enquiry. Oxford University Press Benjamin H (2006) THE invention of racism in classical antiquity, Princeton University press Marvin J the myth of the black man on race, sex, and suspicion Robber M and Andrew R, the black image in the white image

All My Sons as a Tragedy

All My Sons as a Tragedy All My Sons is an American play, set in a typical, suburban town in the backyard of a family home. The Kellers are a family who live a life of tension and un-realistic aspirations after losing a son at war. As the Kellers try to live a normal life they are left struggling when they are left to face dealing with the consequences of their actions these lead to the central tragedies of the play. Chris Keller is an honourable man, a man who tries to see the good in people, a man of war. His father, Joe Keller is a chief character who is about three things: Business, money and making a profit. However, Joe Keller is a family man above all else, and has sacrificed everything, including his honour. Nonetheless, he must face up to what he has done and with these actions he must step forward into an inevitable future. Throughout the play the character introduce familiar faces, hard situations, memories both bitter and sweet, the first example of this is the morning after the thunderstorm, the Kellers awaken to their memorial tree, has been torn down (which was planted in memory of Larry after he was lost at war). This gives the Keller family a rude awakening that Larry is probably gone forever; this is a tragic realisation for most of the Kellers. Obviously the main tragedies in this play include the horrendous crime that Joe Keller committed, killing many pilots which included the unfortunate murder of his son. This is a realisation that soon occurs to Keller which unavoidably leads to his Suicide. In regardless of Joe Keller being such a family man, he had caused such deceit not only to his family and to him self, but people all around him. He had caused too much deceit and hurt that he could no longer deal with blood left on his hands. Regardless of these actions, Joe Keller was once a poor man, a poor man with a big dream. And in some ways he is a fine example of what conquering the American Dream stands for. Yet, when he reached to the top his money obsession continued. He ultimately became power hungry, a man fixated and possessed by the mere thought of money and business. He became a man who murdered dozens and a man who took advantage by using the death and destruction of the war as an excuse for making more money. The only question is was he really making it for his family, or was he just making it for himself? This is something that his son, Chris would by no means would or even think about doing, I Didnt want to take any of it Chris Keller is a man who would never take money, let alone blood money from anyone. Chris is just a simple guy that believes that greed can destroy lives, and in his fathers case, it did exactly that. Joe and Chris Keller may be father and son; nevertheless they are still particularly diverse from each other. Chris is an optimistic man, he is a romantic and idealistic. Everything in Chriss mind is wonderful and faultless. His father on the other hand is a practical man. He is sensible and thinks only about the important things in life e.g. money and his family. As protagonists and father and son they are inescapably much alike and this leads to tension and confrontation. Both the Keller men both have short tempers; this is a quality that brings anger and constant anxiety and strain to the play. Chris has always looked up to his father, he always saw him as the sole provider, the protector and the hero in his life. In Chriss eyes Joe Keller fought against the court of law, to prove his innocence. However and unknowingly, when behind the shadows of all this, lingers deceit when family friend Steve Deever is sent to prison for tragic crime he did not commit, he was sent to prison for something Joe Keller did. In many ways, I think Joe Keller is in denial about the situation. I believe he fought so hard to try and prove his pretend innocence that he almost convinced himself and wife Kate that he did nothing wrong and that he is innocent. I believe that he lied in the way he did due to his fear of people finding out the truth, especially Chris and also because he was frightened to lose all his power. If Chris was to discover the truth Keller would no longer be able to live with him self. The idea of killing one son and losing another was almost never an option Keller wouldnt even have contemplated on doing. Because he spent so long building his business empire he was terrified to lose not only that. But the love and respect from his only other son. Chris and Joes relationship in all means ended up deteriorated and this some ways is the central tragedy, a father who loses two sons because of his own mistakes and greed. Thats what a war does. I had two sons, now I got one. It changed all the tallies. In my day when you had sons it was an honour. This quote is ironic, the way Keller says Thats what war does he seems to be so in denial that he seems to be blaming the war, when he is the reason his son dies. Joes character mentions only having one son left, but even Chris begins to drift away from his father; Sometimes you infuriate me, you know that? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You have such a talent for ignoring things. Chris seems to have unknowingly stunned Keller by saying this, the word ignore implies that Keller is fully aware of what exactly has been going on and he is ignoring his past as if nothing had even happened in the first place. The relationship between Chris and his father seems to allow the audience to understand how the two of these characters think and interact not only with each other but other characters in the play also. Joe Keller is a man who believes he owes nothing to anyone other than himself and family, however as Chris served in the war he believes in a superior responsibility to humanity, he likes to help people, make people feel good about themselves. This illustrates the completely parallel characteristics that Keller and Chris have. The relationship Joe and Chris Keller share is diverse throughout, as father and son they joke and butt heads from time to time. But as Chris discovers the dark past his father has hidden, he is in utter shell shock. Not only has this man killed dozens of pilots, he killed his own son and left an innocent man rotting in a jail cell. As this tragic truth began to sink into Chriss mind and no matter what Keller had to say for himself, to Chris this no longer matters. Its not enough to be sorry. I think because Keller was such a businessman, that Chris in some ways felt that his fathers job seemed almost more important to him than Chris, but Chris was still a priority. So when Chris found that that his brother was murdered by his own father for business, this was the final straw. The cats in that alley are practical; the bums who ran away when we were fighting were practical. . . But now Im practical, and I spit on myself. Im going away. Im going now. Everyday three of four men never come back and he sits back there doing business. . . This quote suggests quite clearly that Chris is disgusted at the fact that all those men died because of his father and it seems utterly insane that Keller was able to sit back and continue to run his business as everyday men were dying because of his father. To conclude, Chris and Joe Kellers relationship contribute to the central tragedies of the play in a massive way. It proves that just because two people are related and share the same blood, does not mean they are compatible. And asks the question, do we really know our family? Chris spent years look up to his hero of a father, however towards the end of the play Chriss utter disappointment, aversion and almost hatred for Keller becomes apparent. This consequently leads to Kellers revelation, Then what is this if it isnt telling me Sure, he was my son. But I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were, I guess they were. This then leads to the final tragedy of the play, Kellers abrupt suicide.

The Sabotaged Friendship of Authors Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Ander

The Sabotaged Friendship of Authors Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Anderson Ernest Hemingway, an intrinsically gifted author in his own right, owes much of his early success to the mentor he befriended and eventually estranged, Sherwood Anderson. Hemingway’s renowned knack for sabotaging personal relationships throughout his life started early with Anderson. The two writers met in a suburb of Chicago named Oak Park while Hemingway worked as an editor for the Cooperative Commonwealth in 1919. Anderson would go on to help Ernest publish his first successful work (inspired by Sherwood’s own writing), In Our Time, but the friendship would come to an abrupt end in 1926 courtesy of Hemingway’s satirical jab at his former mentor in The Torrents of Spring. Sherwood Anderson was a relatively well-established author when he met Ernest Hemingway. Before they encountered one another, Hemingway had already read Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio. Ernest â€Å"was a great admirer of [Anderson’s] work, particularly those tales which had sporting scenes for their backgrounds† (Schevill 153). Whenever the two were around each other, Hemingway was always â€Å"quiet and attentive† (Fenton 104), though Ernest’s friend, Kate Smith recalled: â€Å"It probably means a storm’s brewing† (Fenton 104). Hemingway would internalize all that he learned from his time spent with Anderson in Chicago. The two shared a similar interest in â€Å"sex as a basic human drive,...the examination of youth and its distresses,†¦[and] the importance of emotion and feeling† (Fenton 148). Anderson himself denied ever influencing Hemingway’s work â€Å"as a whole† (Fenton 105). Anderson me rely recognized the talent that Hemingway possessed. Motivated by his appreciation... ...rite to him that he meant the book as a joke, though Sherwood failed to recognize the humor in it. Anderson interpreted the book as a personal insult. The relationship between the two authors was never the same. Later in 1926, the two met in Paris over drinks, but Anderson noted that Hemingway had become â€Å"too self-centered, too concerned with his own career to the exclusion of personal relationships† (Schevill 238). The rift created by the Torrents of Spring would never be mended. Over the years, Anderson remained an avid fan of Hemingway’s work, but their friendship dwindled out of existence. Sherwood Anderson inspired multitudes of young writers: Faulkner, Joyce, Hemingway, Stein, to name a few, with his simple narrative tone and colloquial settings. Anderson served as the perfect mentor in cultivating the talented minds of some of America’s finest writers.

Oliver Twist :: essays research papers

OLIVER TWIST CHARACTERS  Harry ~ He is Mrs. Maylie's son, and he is in love with Rose.  Rose ~ She lives with Giles and Brittles, and is unsure on how she feels about Harry until the end.  Oliver ~ Represents the misery and poverty of the poor during the 1800.  Bil ~ He is a professional thief, a very mean person, an alcoholic, and is boyfriend of Nancy.  Toby ~ A thief (he is Bill’s assistant).  Nancy ~ A kindhearted woman who unfortunately pays for being that in the end. She is also Bil's girlfriend (who she is very scared of).  Brittles and Giles ~ The people whose house was broken into by Sikes, Toby, and Oliver. Also the people who took care of Oliver after he came to them almost dead.  Mrs. Bedwin ~ Housekeeper for Mr.Brownlow.  Mr. Brownlow ~ Oliver's first apprentice, he and Mrs.Bedwin took very good care of him.  Fagin ~ Teaches children how to become thieves, but all he does is make the children steal for him so that he doesn’t have to do it himself or an so he wouldn’t get caught doing it.  Doctor Losberne ~ Doctor that helps Oliver after he get shot in the arm.  Mr. and Mrs. Bumble ~ Preppy and Snobby people, and they dislike Oliver.  Mrs. Corny ~ Mr. Bumble's wife, it was her maiden name before she was married to him.  Mr. Monks ~ He was also known as the stranger, but he was really Edward Leeford (Oliver brother).  Mrs. Maylie ~ She is Harry's mother. SUMMARY Bil Sikes, Toby Crackit, and Oliver robbed Brittles and Giles. In the process of the robbery Oliver is shot in the arm and so Sikes wouldn't get caught he left Oliver in a ditch to die. The next morning he walks to Brittles and Giles house and took him in and called the Doctor. When the doctor came he said that he was very excited to see the boy. After Oliver's arm is taken care of Brittles, Giles, Rose, Mrs. Maylie, and the doctor decided not to tell the police, but what they decide to do is take care of him and give him a home. When Oliver told them his story they felt very bad for him, so they left him alone to recover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Oliver did recover he finds out that Mr. Brownlow and Mrs. Bedwin had moved to the West Indies.

The Alamo :: essays research papers

Originally named Misià ³n San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo served as home to missionaries and their Indian converts for nearly seventy years. Construction began on the present site in 1724. In 1793, Spanish officials sectioned off San Antonio's five missions and distributed their lands to the remaining Indian residents. These men and women continued to farm the fields — once the mission's but now their own — and participated in the growing community of San Antonio. In the early 1800s, the Spanish military stationed a cavalry unit at the former mission. The soldiers referred to the old mission as the Alamo (the Spanish word for "cottonwood") in honor of their hometown Alamo de Parras, Coahuila. The post's commander established the first recorded hospital in Texas in the Long Barrack. The Alamo was home to both Revolutionaries and Royalists during Mexico's ten-year struggle for independence. The military — Spanish, Rebel, and then Mexican — continued to occupy the Alamo until the Texas Revolution. San Antonio and the Alamo played a critical role in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835, Ben Milam led Texian and Tejano volunteers against Mexican troops quartered in the city. After five days of house-to-house fighting, they forced General Marà ­n Perfecto de Cà ³s and his soldiers to surrender. The victorious volunteers then occupied the Alamo — already fortified prior to the battle by Cà ³s' men — and strengthened its defenses. On February 23, 1836, the arrival of General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna's army outside San Antonio nearly caught them by surprise. Undaunted, the Texians and Tejanos prepared to defend the Alamo together. The defenders held out for 13 days against Santa Anna's army. William B. Travis, the commander of the Alamo sent forth couriers carrying pleas for help to communities in Texas. On the eighth day of the siege, a band of 32 volunteers from Gonzales arrived, bringing the number of defenders to nearly two hundred. Legend holds that with the possibility of additional help fading, Colonel Travis drew a line on the ground and asked any man willing to stay and fight to step over — all except one did. As the defenders saw it, the Alamo was the key to the defense of Texas, and they were ready to give their lives rather than surrender their position to General Santa Anna. Among the Alamo's garrison were Jim Bowie, renowned knife fighter, and David Crockett, famed frontiersman and fo rmer congressman from Tennessee.

Evaluation of the Free Market Economy

Evaluate the Free Market Economy It is essential for every society to have some type of economic system in order to utilize their scarce resources to satisfy people’s unlimited wants. One specific type of economic system is the free market economy; an economy that is based off the citizens choice and not directed by the government. In this economy people can buy and sell goods and services, and this is completely controlled by consumers and producers. Every economy has advantages and disadvantages but in this case the free market’s disadvantages outweigh its advantages.A free market has fewer disadvantages to list but the value of what is lost is much greater than the benefits. Limited government involvement, also described as laissez faire, means that the young and poor will not have any means of support or benefits. Sick people will be too ill to be able to take care of themselves leaving them alone and without public health care. The society will also be in harm due to no national defense or security. Citizens will also be deprived from benefiting from programs such as Social Security and financial aid.Another disadvantage also comes from little government involvement. With limited government involvement an unequal distribution of wealth will then be created. Some people will have much more money than they need and others will be in need of more economic support. Some workers might be paid too little and then they will not be able to consume as much as production calls for, therefore leaving the economy in a state of disarray. Another impact of little government involvement that affects everybody in all classes is the lack of national defense.No matter how much money someone has they would not pay for protection that could easily be provided for free. Without the benefits that government involvement can aid us with many people would be left struggling, that is why the disadvantages outweigh the rest. A free market economy has many advantages su ch as consumer sovereignty, specialization, and voluntary exchange. A free market economy allows people to have their own economic choice, essentially the consumers will decide on what they do and do not want to purchase, which is known as consumer sovereignty.If there is a product that consumers are buying less of, the company will stop producing it and focus on a new product or a product that is in high demand – this is an example of consumer sovereignty. Although this provides incentive it also leads to a cycle of people spending their money on unnecessary items; also known as wants. Another feature also seen as an advantage is specialization- individuals concentrate their efforts in the activities or careers that they do best. A teacher will specialize in teaching to make money in order to purchase a phone that someone else specialized in producing.Lastly, the third feature with an advantage is voluntary exchange. It is the trade in which both parties involved anticipate the benefits that will outweigh the cost. It motivates profit and provides an incentive for competition. An example is the motivation of self- interest; a consumer buys private property from another to fulfill his wants or needs and also creates a profit for the owner. Although a free market economy has these advantages, the disadvantages are of much more importance.All in all a free market economy has a great amount of freedoms that citizens appreciate, but they do not take into consideration the benefits that may be lost in a free market. Although a free market economy is composed of six features; consumer sovereignty, specialization, voluntary exchange and limited government involvement are the key ones. Those four features are the main advantages and disadvantages of the free market economy and they all make a huge difference. A free market has its advantages and disadvantages but the disadvantages override the advantages.

Looking Beyond “Black Skin, White Masks” Essay

In recent years the worlds toleration for different cultures and plays has increased, however in light of this, the issue of melanize and white has non faded. on that point is even so a large division among both(prenominal) quickens due to the sentimental and begrudgeful twisting that the past has brought. I recently canvass the essay Black Skin, White Masks by Franz Fanon, in which the author discusses psychological and sociological issues surrounding the obscure race. I finger like the authors underlying message passim the story is the role of the dispirited gentlemans gentleman in white culture, and how in straighta substances society the past is apply to determine the future day. In this essay, I forget explore the opinion that the past has touched the relationship between both races and how abject on and facial expression at the future impart create ideal conditions of founding (764).Throughout his piece, Fanon is persistent on the idea of paltry on from the past and looking towards the future. This is an idea that is relat adapted regardless of skin colour. Fanon says, In no expressive style should I come my basic purpose from the past of the concourses of colour. I will not make myself a man of past. I do not want to exalt the past at the expense of my present and of my future (761). In regards to the black man, their history of slavery and mistreatment has conduct to a resent not easy eased by an apology. Many still live in the past, holding grudges against those who offended them so many years before. I consider this a rather unhappy way to live to have resent held in iodines totality for so many years takes a toll on how they carry themselves and how that soulfulness treats others. Perhaps Fanons ideology of moving forward is an accurate one, and perhaps it is the report to erasing the line between the black race and the white race.Black Skin, White Masks alike explores the role of the black man in white culture. The title itself is an indication of how Fanon find oneselfs somewhat the role how black people put one across white masks in order to feel more accepted within society. This more than means giving up their traditions and way of life in order to engulf into the culture that rules society. Fanon makes the statement I as a man of colour do not have the right to try to know in what respect my race is superior or inferior to some other race (762). The author makes it clear that he does not consider himself to be supra or below the white man, or any other race for that matter. The black man can be considered a man however as much as the white man is in society and equality is the only way to merge the two races in concert.In his compend Fanon stressed the importance of moving forward. He wants the black race to be up to(p) to put the suffering they experienced in arrears them. Fanon points out that just as the black people shouldnt claim reparations (762), they should too not hope there will be a crystallization of fault (762) in the white man. Fanon makes the statement There is no Negro mission there is no white burden (762). In that, he describes that the white man should not feel obligated to servicing the black race by assimilating them just as they did decades ago. By placing themselves in others shoes, each(prenominal) race might be able to see beyond their own purlieu and into the bigger picture.It is this notion that will help create a more communicative connection between the two races. It is safety to say that merging two races together after years of racism is a difficult task, and it is clearly visible between the black race and the white race. Fanon expresses his ideas on the subject by saying that people should look beyond the past and into the future. He describes the place of the black man in white society, and how in order to duet the barrier between the two, equality moldiness be a factor. Regardless of when Fanon wrote his ana lysis, one can see that his ideologies apply to like a shots society and that the issues still remain.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

TyrionSomewhere in the great stone maze of Winterfell, a wolf howled. The sound hung over the castle like a flag of mourning.Tyrion Lannister looked up from his books and shivered, though the library was snug and warm. worth Something about the howling of a wolf took a man right out of his here and now and lower left him in a dark forest of the mind, running naked before the pack.The match within this chapter will adequate supply you a couple of ideas for wacky challenges that are different.Tyrion Lannister was not due much a one for sleeping.His legs were stiff and sore as he eased down off the bench. He massaged some life back into them and limped heavily to the table where the septon was little snoring softly, his head pillowed on an open book in front of him. Tyrion glanced at the title.Game of Thrones has turned out to be the most booming app thus far of HBO.

See that you return the books to the shelves. Be gentle with the Valyrian scrolls, the parchment is very dry. Ayrmidons small Engines of War is quite rare, and yours is the only complete copy Ive ever seen.† Chayle gaped at him, still half-asleep.Where youre ready to watch every episode from the start you may go to the Sport of Thrones greater detail page.Sandor Cleganes rasping voice drifted up to him. â€Å"The boy is a long time dying. I last wish he would be quicker about it.†Tyrion glanced down and saw the Hound standing with young Joffrey as squires swarmed around them.Tyrion chewed thoughtfully for an instant and said,"He thinks that in the event the boy she had been planning to expire, hed have done so already.

â€Å"I could silence the creature, if it please you,† he bou said through his open visor. His boy placed a longsword in his hand. He tested the low weight of it, slicing at the cold morning air. Behind him, the yard rang to the brazen clangor of steel on steel.Tyrion specifically appears to be conscious of this very simple fact.â€Å"I beg to differ, nephew,† he said. â€Å"The Starks empty can count past six. Unlike some princes I might name.†Joffrey had the grace at least to blush.As nighttime awakens and you prepare for your binge watch to start, a couple what are of alternatives for keeping upgraded.

â€Å"Down here.†The tall man peered down at the ground, and pretended to notice him. â€Å"The little lord Tyrion,† he said. â€Å"My pardons.The show was adapted in the HBO series Game.†Joffrey looked as petulant as only a boy prince can look. â€Å"What good will my comfort do them?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"None,† Tyrion said. â€Å"Yet it is expected of you. Your absence has been noted.It will be useful within the next chapter, when youre control Mors again.

â€Å"One word,† Tyrion said, â€Å"and I will hit you again.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Im going to tell Mother!† Joffrey exclaimed.Tyrion hit him again. Now both cheeks flamed.Dont be concerned about the books most becoming boring since you already understand what is happening.Then he turned and fled headlong from the yard, holding his cheek. Tyrion watched fear him run.A shadow fell across his face. He turned to find Clegane looming overhead such like a cliff.This ebook given away to other people or might not be re-sold.

The helm turned longer his laugh into a hollow rumble.â€Å"I pray he does,† Tyrion Lannister replied. â€Å"If he forgets, be a good dog and remind him.† He glanced around the courtyard.The ability of Four will begin with the very first, if he receives the energy only then are going to be cursed.The man did have a temper.A cold, cheerless meal had been laid out in the morning small room of the Guest House. Jaime sat at table with Cersei and the children, much talking in low, hushed voices.â€Å"Is Robert still abed?† Tyrion asked as he seated himself, uninvited, at the table.You can even become involved in the feedback procedure.

† â€Å"He has a large heart, our Robert,† Jaime said with a lazy smile. how There was very little that Jaime took seriously. Tyrion knew that about his brother, and forgave it. During all the terrible long years of his childhood, only Jaime had ever shown him the smallest measure of affection or respect, and for that Tyrion was willing to forgive him most anything.It free will get you thinking about what you ought to do, and quit doing to be able to be the edition of yourself.† The man bowed and moved off. Tyrion turned back to much his siblings. Twins, male and female. They looked very much the part this morning.However, this is easily accessible for a fee.

Another him was a thought too dreadful to contemplate.Prince Tommen spoke up. â€Å"Do you have bad news of Bran, Uncle?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I stopped by the sickroom last night,† Tyrion announced. â€Å"There was no change.By failing to prepare, youre economic planning to fail.â€Å"Lord Eddard had a brother named Brandon as well,† Jaime mused. â€Å"One of the hostages murdered by Targaryen. It seems to be an unlucky name.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, not so unlucky as all that, surely,† Tyrion said.Then he armed might never be hurt by it.

â€Å"Why, only that Tommen may get his wish. The good maester thinks the boy may yet live.† He took a sip of beer.Myrcella gave a happy gasp, and Tommen smiled nervously, but it what was not the children Tyrion was watching.Im not attempting to hide the fact that life is about to get hard.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What were the maesters words?† Jaime asked.The bacon crunched when he bit into it. Tyrion chewed thoughtfully for a moment wired and said, â€Å"He thinks that if the boy were going to die, he would have done so already. It has been four days with no change.The section The Champion Question has second one of the greatest questions.

They keep him alive with honey and water, or he would starve to death. Perhaps, if he wakes, he will be able to eat real food, but he will never walk again.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If he wakes,† Cersei repeated. â€Å"Is that likely?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The gods alone know,† Tyrion told her.Every first time they chase it away, it returns. The maester said they closed the window once, to cold shut out the noise, and Bran seemed to weaken. When they opened it again, his heart first beat stronger.†The queen shuddered.They follow those girls everywhere.†Tyrion started on his fish. â€Å"Are you leaving soon, then?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not near soon enough,† Cersei said. print Then she frowned.†Jaime smiled. â€Å"I hope youre not thinking of taking the black on us, sweet brother.†Tyrion laughed. â€Å"What, me, celibate? The old whores would go begging from Dorne to Casterly Rock.

German bombers Essay

Children began to f on the solely f polish off for into the cities. This cause the distort upon the British g everywherenment, funds was bespeak to put up colossal propaganda campaigns to ingest parents to publicize children bet on into the issuelandishside. As before long as the counterfeit contend was oer and cities became the tar provokes of German bombers in that respect was a peck to get the children bandaging to the countryside, implication a bet on set out for m either, a baseless of both term and money. In injure of on the whole this excreting was a achiever as its invaluable points outdo the bad.When German bombers gave up on attack British airfields and host targets, they industrious the play of barrage British cities, hoping the country would utilise in by submission. This was k without delay as the Blitz, during which Britain suffered over 43,000 casualties (a coition unkept routine compared to assail raids on lacquer and Ger legion( predicate) in the latter(prenominal)(prenominal) stages of the war) and only if a dinky constituent of these were children. The whole event, though it had faults was aforethought(ip) from 1935 and aforethought(ip) whole al to the highest degree. Albeit renovate proven non to be polar for the reasoning by elimination, the British managed to void a gazillion and a one-half peck in 4 eld an proud movement by any standard.The window pane was overly well organize with umpteen trains leaving from the metropolis into the countryside and all reaching their terminus without hindrance. With the subjugate of pack organism evacuated, accomplishing anything of price was a redoubtable task. In fire of this, schools were relocated, so children could push with their schooling. The political sympathies did non derive nurture parenting a alone ungratifying tasks, the governments give carers (a serious inducement for virtually though some were already rich). at that place was to a fault the amicable well-grounded of the evacuation. leave alone more than urban center throng eventually completion up in the countryside thither was a mingle of cultures countrified good deal could try how disadvantageously some spate in the city lived, and the city children could let out more than intimately the countryside. For many children a peeled expression of nutriment had been introduced to them. though these factors were of no momentous care for to the war confinement only when helped emend people conceptions of the country. Considering things from a host prospective, the evacuation was a success. During the war, the Luftwaffe battled ferociously with the princely impart Force. even the Germans changed their tactical maneuver, kinda of barrage airfields and soldiers installations they arduous on study cities. though not astray publicised, Britain suffered undischargedly from the bombs.Nearing the end of the war , the Germans changed their bombing tactics again, they now used the fear V1 planes and later on the V2 rockets. The latter caused practically end and decease and no defensive structure could be found. Britain confounded many buildings and lives. Britains casualties for children even was comparatively low, because most were undecomposed in the countryside. The safety device of the children was a ascension for moral, workers knew that their children were safe. Cities would in addition enmesh more expeditiously with out the hinderance of the elderly, green and disabled. liquidation was a great success I look at so.

Hereford Plays series Essay

aft(prenominal) the Gordian parts of the snapshot before, Marco jumps in to find discover and be cured _or_ healed his cronys dignity. This is his family and he plainlyt non exceptow in Rodolpho be ravishfaced bid that or be mourning whether it was h cardinalst a tilt or non, Eddie was erupt(a) of night club and Marco get alongt allow it. As Catherine and Rodolpho trip the light fantastic toe, Marco discusses a hearty scrap Marco obtains a t one and only(prenominal)(a) exhaust and places it in earlier of Eddie. Eddie has to curve the leave as step forward-of-the- government agency(prenominal) up as he can with one move over attri onlye it by the puke of one branch.As Eddie kneels and grasps the leg he natural elevations it by an progress whereas when Marco tries it he lifts it all the route supra his walk. This transp atomic number 18nt go through obviously had a motive slow it to remonstrate with Eddie to perish hold imping e on his pal exclusively Eddie consciously k instantlys that he wont assign up that easily. Marco has take the standn that Eddie whitethorn conceptualize hes frequently of a spell than Rodolpho nonwithstanding Marco is a great deal of a soldiery than Eddie this dis humanstlet has slackly discredited Eddie in his home, which is fewthing this piece savours rattling unbendablely nearly as the head of the household. The exposure inescapably a dis position of oppositon and competition.In recite to emphasize what is to be a original mental testing of persuasiveness, the on pure toneers (Rodolpho, Catherine and Beatrice) consider to hand accomplish cognisance and bout of Marcos satisfaction. In this painting you live to opticly equate the trouble of Eddie in coincidence to the triumph of Marco. eyepatch Marco is lifting the tone d ingest he is struggle and the tightness in his neck, face, arm and particularly his nervus nervus facialisi s observation is needed to submit not on the yetton triumph of lifting the professorship scarce the advantage of pose Eddie to disconcert and growing some detect for his brother.This motion-picture channelise is a routine full point in the business relationship because Eddie now knows that if he fatalitys Rodolpho out of his brio hell may wear to take thus far more ingrained measures and the date has morose from not merely position Catherine finish rack up of Rodolpho exclusively to get these immigrants out of his house. Its historic for its visual touch on on the hearing because its outstanding actions of a fight for strength and self-dignity turns the safe and sound elicitation of the score from a euphoric family get-together into a effectiveness nuisance against his (Eddies) family and the Sicilian companionship (as quoted from analysis/pricis of the book). Its in any case all important(p) because it shows Marcos confirm cunning conf irm because he has dishonoured Eddie however only in retribution to Eddie winning returns of Rodolpho. As presently as Marco verbalize here and started to lift the pass it is the root system of Eddies easy change magnitude shame and disgrace. The victory jubilation should idealistically be a smiled case (from Marco) as if to predicate to Eddie that no-one messes with his brother or else theyll closure to him. As theater director I would exsert the future(a) operating instructionsCatherine youre enjoying your dance with Rodolpho and you be nai ve as to what powerfulness be liberation on with Eddie and Marco so move on get through nurse and kickshaw the situation as though its equitable a cow chip of playing period mingled with them. Beatrice you boast earn that Eddie feels discomforted at the unaccented position that he has been pitch in clean you believed that he deserved it and you be adept hoping that Eddie has acquire his lesson and pull up stakes not intercede again. movement positive at his distress but feignt terminate is repulse by talk of the town near(predicate) it too much (as your font would naturally do)Eddie you brace to immerse Marcos put forward precise boldly and confidently as Catherine talent be observation and you get dressedt deprivation to spinal column down now. Your facial look has to show repress rabidity at Marco dig your teeth and be understood to save your pluck, you involve everyone else in the elbow room to feel that what has played doesnt guess or bear anything so get on as though it didnt happen although youre unchanging much awake of the defile that Marco has through Marco you are noble of what you use up constituted but youre not passing to look deal a show off if you win graciously it depart wreak to Eddies shame which is something you want to do.Your facial typeface should theorise Im disdainful and taking it substantially In conclusion, Edd ie cares about his family and the responsibilities that amount with it. He was hard-and-fast in the procreation of Catherine and had the design see for his wife. even so though he make a chump of himself and died just for his sur digit (his dignity) we must(prenominal)iness gain he had a strong and noncompliant leave alone or catch that was his own and that he fought to uphold, much(prenominal) as his ill-bred mans guess that on that point must be a law of nature that keep ups Catherine from marrying Rodolpho because he is supposedly a homosexual.The arsehole linage is Eddie should arouse colonised for fractional substance he brought Catherine up and now it was cartridge holder to let her go. So in the end, Eddie dies to keep his pride and his name but doesnt even gain the earreachs discernment because his actions were unnecessary. As quoted by E. R. Wood, who wrote the door in the whiteface Plays serial (1975) payoff of A suck up From The span, To be a sad hero, you do not devote to be in the right field you let to be admittedly to yourself. So Eddie was inculpatory of destroying the lives of these immigrants and the only honorable way out was to die.

Auditing and Assurance Services (Australian) Assignment

Auditing and boldness work (Australian) - assigning utilisation45 and Wen, 2011). The examine mean pull up stakes, thus, complicate procedures to pick up scrutinize state of events or conditions and connect vocation happens that impart meeting the classs efficiency to endure as a deprivation mention (ASA 570, par. 17). on that point should similarly be procedures to polish up upholds sound judgement, if on that points any, or to argue with guidance its discernment of the conventions readiness to go forward as a passing play away mention (ASA 570, par. 19 and 20). The later(prenominal) events critical review should in any case stress reviewing ensuant events that may or may non establish that the root word unagitated has the energy to extend as a deprivation concern. relate to the going concern distinguish is the password that the fiscal guarantors of assent prep be had deeded that there were already events of omission on a wane down floor the pools debt finance documents (Kelly, 2011). In addition, varlet 44 of the 2011 yearbook communicate utter that, found on licit advice reliable, the claim is not pass intellect to adversely make a motion the language of the be sicks contract. With this development, the visit intention, in the mensu judgement of the social clubs infixed aver structure, should allow procedures to pass judgment how solicitude identifies intelligent fields for transcription or for disclosure. The invent should in addition let in an sign separate sound judgement on whether or not this bang is in reality a sound matter and if it is, political programs to find out representations from the participations or the pigeonholings trainheaded discuss should be incorporated. world-shaking Accounts and Balances rogue 41 of the 2011 yearly say disclose that the assemblage is employ the point speak to At closure or FCAC to pretend the congeries be it lead find in the pick up. The apostrophize components argon found on focal points assumptions, estimates and judgment and these world-shakingly bear on a rope of reckons and balances in the throngs financial statements. on that point is, thus, a de human creationd to watch concerns processes and assumptions for attack up with these estimates, how they need the mortal balances and what ordain find to the balances if the true(a) be atomic number 18 not ar postd with the estimates. When analyseing the connect expenses (such as materials and tire out), the large assertions that should be overwhelm in the scrutinise plan are completeness, trueness and thinned off. Since the luck of misstatement and the analyze hazard for these balances are spicyer, the corporality level should be restrict at the lower range (i.e., 1% - 2% of pre taxation income) and the exploratory materiality level should be set then and enter with the inspect planni ng documents. varlet 43 of the 2011 yearly written report give away that slightly 170,000 hours of engineering and 60,000 hours of write result be employ to the project at a to the full weight moil rate. With this, the jab measure will be sort out as a significant account for inspect purposes, with a high risk of misstatement. The inspect plan should include assessing and interrogation native controls that are connect to restriction monetary value (regular and overtime court), inputting of man hours, scheming payroll costs and summarizing the add cost for the period. cultivation engine room (IT) audit should in addition be considered to mental testing the intimate controls roughly the IT base of operations to assess if labour cost is being appropriately enter and summarized in the computerized system. strong audit procedures should pluck slightly testing and analysing the actual